BIO 103 Exam 1 Study Guide

Cellular Organization

The understanding that all living things are composed of one or more cells

Energy Utilization

The understanding that all living things need and use energy to do anything such as reproduce, metabolize, and move

Homeostasis

The understanding that living organisms maintain a stable internal environment despite the changes occuring externally

Growth, Development, and Reproduction

Understanding that all living things can grow and reproduce

Heredity

The gaining of information/traits from parents to offspring

Atoms

The smallest unit, which is the building block of matter

Molecule

Make up Macromolecules like DNA, which are made up of chemical bonds

Organelle

Where cellular activities are organized (ex. Mitochondrion which extracts energy from food for use)

Cells

Membrane-bounded units (ex. Bacteria, simple single cells; Animals, plants and Fungi are examples of more complex and multicellular)

Tissue

Similar cells acting as a functional unit (ex. nerve tissue)

Organs

Body structure and functional unit (ex. brain, heart, liver, and kidney)

Organ System

A group of organs working together (ex. Nervous system)

Organism

An Individual

Population

A group of organisms of the same species in the same place

Species

All of a particular organisms population (similar in looks & can interbreed with one another)

Biological Community

Consist of all populations and different species in one place (NOT INCLUDING NON-LIVING THINGS)

Ecosystem

The biological community AND its non-living components

Biosphere

The GLOBAL (referring to the earth) ecosystem

Prokaryotic

Bacteria and Archaea are considered ________

Plants, Animals, and Fungi

Eukaryotic Domain refers to _____, ________, ______

The 3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Eukaryotic Cells

large and complex because of the presence of a nucleus

Emergent Properties

The way components react/interact, Meaning the are the RESULT of an interaction (ex.A single heart muscle cell cannot pump blood on its own. When thousands of heart cells join and work together in an organ, the ability to pump blood emerges.) even though they may have the same properties but because they aren’t organized the same they may not have the same function

Deductive Reasoning

Applies general principles to predict specific rules

ex. General Premise: All mammals have hair or fur.

• Specific Case: A platypus is classified as a mammal.

• Logical Conclusion: Therefore, a platypus must have hair or fur.

It’s in the form of a (if,..then) question

Inductive Reasoning

Uses bottom up processing, you access the details first which then builds the general principle

ex. Observation 1: I examined five different species of birds in my yard, and they all have feathers.

• Observation 2: I read about penguins, eagles, and ostriches, and they all have feathers.

• General Conclusion: Therefore, all birds have feathers.

Basically a broken up idea that leads to a general understanding of something else

False;

explanation: Hypothesis are meant to add to an idea (sometimes considered a theory in some cases), the process is ongoing. It’s nothing solvable it’s just supporting evidence

True/False: Experiments prove a hypothesis

What are the steps of the scientific method

• Observation

• Form a Hypothesis

• Form a Experiment

• Repeat Experiment

• Publish Findings

Observation

Process in scientific method which focuses on looking at specific details of something to generate a general understanding

Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for a set of observations. IT MUST generate testable predictions.

ex .If a plant's exposure to sunlight is reduced, then its rate of photosynthesis will decrease because it captures less light energy for chlorophyll activation.

It’s another (if, then) type of question

Experiment

A process in the scientific method which is meant to test a hypothesis, a good experiment will null the alternative hypothesis

That data is consistent and not falsifiable

Repeating Experiments Ensures ________

Hypothesis vs. Scientific Theory

Hypothesis: A testable explanation meant to expand on relationships between variables

Scientific Theory: An Explanation for a natural phenomenon or a body of interconnected concepts

Independent Variable

Variable that you can control or change within an experiment aka the CAUSE of something happening

ex. Independent Variable: The temperature of the water (cold, room temperature, boiling).

• Dependent Variable: The time it takes for an Alka-Seltzer tablet to completely dissolve.

Dependent Variable

Variable that changes in relation to the independent variable aka the EFFECT of something taking place

ex. Independent Variable: The number of hours a person sleeps the night before (4 hours vs. 8 hours).

• Dependent Variable: How fast they hit the brakes in a driving simulator when an obstacle appears.

Control Variable

Any variable that is kept consistent in an experiment

ex. Independent Variable (what you change): Amount of daily sunlight.

• Dependent Variable (what you measure): Plant height growth.

• Controlled Variables (what you keep the same):

  • Amount of water given

  • Type and amount of soil

  • Size of the pot

  • Room temperature

Reductionism

Method of studying a complex phenomenon that breaks a system into component parts to study individually.

Systems Biology

Scientific research that focuses on how individual biological parts work together

Charles Darwin

_______ proposed the idea of natural selection, which proposed that those with more favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce in his book Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

Does Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection explain the origin of life?

No. Darwin's theory of evolution explains and describes how organisms on Earth have changed and describes a mechanism for change over time (natural selection). The theory of evolution may lend evidence in support of theories on the origin of life, but it does not explain the process.

Homologous

Refers to similar structures that have the same evolutionary origin

Analogous

Refers to structures that are similar in function but different in evolutionary origin, such as the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly.

Five Unifying Concepts of Biology

1. Life is subject to chemical and physical laws
2. Structure determines function
3. Living systems transform energy and matter
4. Living systems depend on information transactions
5. Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

Life is subject to chemical and physical laws

Biological systems are the ultimate application of very complex chemistry; they make use of consistent application of familiar chemical principles of law

Structure determines function

Structures can be altered and analyzed for change in functions. Typically if something shares similar macro-molecules in another subject it can be inferred they may have a similar fucntion

Living systems transform energy and matter

The original source of energy is the sun; the basic nature of life in to constantly transform energy and matter

. Living systems depend on information transactions

DNA holds onto genetic information, which 4 different nucleotide are found. The control of gene expression allows differentiation to change over time

Matter

is composed of atoms; any substance that has mass and occupies soace

Elements

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means

Protons

Determines the atomic: number; positive charge

Neutrons

No charge; “N”= Neutral

_____ have a negative charge

Electrons

Electrons, Protons, Neutrons

Subatomic particles are _______, ________, _________

Protons, Neutrons

Atomic Mass is composed of ______ and ______

Isotopes

Formed when neutrons and protons aren’t equal (usally changes the form of the SAME element)

Positive Charge, forming CATions

When Protons > than Electrons

Negative Charge, forming ANions

When Protons < than Electrons

Radioactive Isotopes

Decay of the nucleus that can occur naturally emitting significant amounts of energy (think of chemo-therapy)

Orbital

The area around a nucleus where an electron is most likely to be found

greater, absorb

Electrons that are father from the Nucleus are _______ because they ________ energy

weaker, release

Electrons that are closer to the nucleus are _______ because they ________ energy

Oxidation

The loss of an electron

Reduction

The addition of an elect6ron

Redox Reactions

When Oxidation and Reduction occur at the same time

Octet Rule

Rule to describe patterns of chemical bonding in main group elements that require a total of eight electrons to complete their outer electron shell; that atoms typically try to fill their energy level

Molecule

A group of atoms held together in a stable association by energy

Compound

One or more elements

Ionic Compounds (aka bonds)

Transferring of Electrons between opposite charges

Covalent Compounds (aka bonds)

Sharing of Electrons in pairs

Non-Polar Covalent Bonds

Equal sharing of electrons

Polar Covalent Bonds

Unequal sharing of electrons due to difference in electronegativity

Hydrogen Bonds

Bond that shares a hydrogen bond (partially positive)

Van der Waals

weak attraction between atoms that depend on being relatively close to each other

Chemical Reactions

the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

Temperature

Concentration of reactants and products

Catalysts

Chemical Changes are influenced by ________, __________, ________

negative

Oxygen is partially _______

positive

Hydrogen is partially _______

Cohesion

Water molecules attraction to itself

Adhesion

Water molecules attraction to another molecule

Surface Tension

An act of Cohesion; like bugs walking on water

High Specific Heat

A large amount of energy is required to change the temperature of water

Lower density of Ice

Water molecules in an ice crystal are spaced relatively far apart because of

hydrogen bonding; Bodies of water freeze from the top down

Solubility

Many kinds of molecules can move freely in cells, permitting a diverse

array of chemical reactions.

Hydrophobic exclusion

Water repels hydrophobic compounds, forcing them to associate together.

pH

the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of solution

Acids

1-6, Any substance that dissociates in water to increase the

[H+] and lowers the pH

acidic

The more hydrogen ions the more _______ it is

Base

8-14; Substance that combines with H+ dissolved in water, and thus lowers the [H+] (and raises the pH)

Buffers

substance that will resist a change in pH

Releasing hydrogen ions when a base is added

Absorbing hydrogen ions when acid is added

increase, basic

Hydroxide will ______ the pH, making the solution more _______

12

A neutral atom of Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 23. How many neutrons does this atom have?

8

An atom of Carbon has an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14. How many neutrons does this atom have?

10

An atom of Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16. If this atom gains 2 electrons to form an oxide ion (\(\text{O}^{2-}\)), how many total electrons does the ion have?

Energy Levels

refers to the distance away from the nucleus

2

Orbitals hold how many electrons

100 times more acidic.

Solution A has a pH of 4. Solution B has a pH of 6. How many times more acidic (higher concentration of H⁺ ions) is Solution A compared to Solution B?

pH= 9

Basic

If a solution has a hydrogen ion concentration \([H^+]\) of 1.0 × 10⁻⁹ M, what is its pH, and is it an acid or a base?

Capillary Force

Adhesion and Cohesion working together, like water coming up a tube