Cardiology Exam Review

This set of flashcards reviews key cardiology concepts and conditions to assist in exam preparation.

What is a significant symptom of mitral valve regurgitation?

Palpitations and shortness of breath on exertion.

What investigation is primarily used to confirm mitral valve regurgitation?

Echocardiography.

What is a common symptom in a patient with severe aortic stenosis?

Shortness of breath on minimal exertion.

What are the initial tests to confirm the diagnosis of aortic aneurysm?

Echocardiography and computed tomography of the chest.

What is the first-line investigation for ruling out acute leg ischemia?

Measurement of Ankle-Brachial Index.

What is the indication for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in heart dysfunction?

To clarify the cause of heart dysfunction.

What is the most relevant strategy for a patient with a bicuspid aortic valve?

Regular follow-up with echocardiography.

In a 62-year-old patient with palpitations, what can atrial fibrillation indicate?

Irregular heart rate, possibly leading to complications such as stroke.

What is the most common cause of arterial embolism?

Atrial fibrillation and atherosclerosis.

For which condition is cardioversion indicated without anticoagulation prior?

Atrial fibrillation lasting more than 48 hours without thrombus.

What is indicated for significant mitral regurgitation?

Mitral valve replacement or repair.

What medication is crucial in managing a patient with confirmed acute myocardial infarction?

Aspirin and antiplatelets.

What is the target LDL-C in patients with established coronary artery disease?

<1.4 mmol/L.

What does the presence of ST elevation indicate?

Acute myocardial infarction.

What drugs are contraindicated in acute pericarditis?

Anticoagulants due to risk of bleeding.

What is the expected blood pressure classification for 161/97 mmHg?

Grade 2 hypertension.

What condition is characterized by sudden onset of sharp chest pain radiating to the back and risk of aortic dissection?

Thoracic aortic aneurysm.

What is the appropriate next step in managing severe symptomatic aortic stenosis?

Aortic valve replacement.

What sign suggests pericardial inflammation?

Pericardial friction rub during auscultation.

What treatment is recommended for a patient with severe mitral stenosis?

Mitral valve replacement.

What is the management for a patient with acute leg ischemia?

Urgent revascularization.

What indicates the need for invasive coronary angiography?

Persistent symptoms of angina despite medical therapy.

Which imaging study is preferred for assessing deep vein thrombosis?

Duplex ultrasound scan.

What significant risk factors contribute to the development of heart failure?

Hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia.

What defines the diagnosis of stable angina?

Chest discomfort during exertion that resolves with rest.