Unit 3 Honors Biology

Fermentation

A partial degradation of sugars that occur without oxygen, breaks down for energy (ATP)

Aerobic respiration

Breaks down/consumes glucose using pregunte to create energy

Cellular respiration

Both aerobic (using oxygen) respiration and anaerobic (without oxygen)

Oxidation

When a substance loses electrons

Reduction

What a substance gains electrons

Electron transport chain

Final/most productive stage of aerobic cellular respiration, where most ATP is produced (the high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 is put here)

Glycolysis

Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate to harvest energy from glucose

Citric acid cycle

Completes the breakdown of glucose to harvest energy

Oxidative phosphorylation

Accounts for almost 90% of ATP generated, final stage of cellular respiration

Substrate- level phosphorylation

The smaller account of ATP is formed in glycolysis and citric acid cycle, this accounts for it

Glycolysis

The breaking down of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

Energy investment phase

ATP is converted into ADP twice so that there are phosphates on each side of the glucose so it can split into pyruvate

Energy payoff phase

Once glucose is split into two pyruvate, ADP is converted back into ATP to create energy. The ending is pyruvate

Products of glycolysis

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 water molecules

Transition reaction acetyl CoA

Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and oxidizes the create acetyl CoA, the breakdown of glucose is completed

Products of transition reaction

3 NADH+H, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 times 2 per pyruvate

Products from figure 7.10

1 CO2, 1 acetyl COa, and 1 NADH

Cytochromes

Remaining electron carries between ubiquinone and oxygen proteins

ATP synthase

Copies of protein complex in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Chemiosmosis

Energy is stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane- driving the synthesis of ATP

Proton motive force

Emphasizes capacity of the gradient, driving H+ back across the membrane gradient

Electron transport chain

Series of protein complexes that gets rid of electrons to produce oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidative phosphorylation

Process where most ATP is produced by creating a proton gradient

Fermentation

Consists of glycolysis plus reactions that regenerate NAD+ by the transfer of electrons

Lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate- no release of CO2

Alcohol fermentation

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol by releasing carbon dioxide from the pyruvate and by reducing NADH to ethanol

Obligate anaerobes

Carry out fermentation- No Oxegyn

Facultative anaerobes

Yeasts and other bacteria that can make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration

Mesophyll

The soft, internal tissue in plant leaves, located between the upper and lower epidermis

Stomata

Tiny pores, usually on the underside of leaves, controlled by two guard cells that regulate gas exchange

Stroma

The colorless fluid within a chloroplast, surrounding the grana

Thylakoids

Flattened membrane-bound sacs within chloroplasts and Cyanobacteria that form the site of light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

The pigment that gives plants and algae their green color

Light rxn

The phase of photosynthesis that requires the presence of light that involves phosphorylation

NADP+

Provide electrons and protons to reduce oxidized compounds in plants and animals

Phosphorylation

Adds a phosphate group to a molecule, activates or deactivates enzymes, relays signals, and stores/releases energy

Carbon fixation

Process in which organisms convert inorganic carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into organic compounds like sugar

Wavelength

The distance between two consecutive peaks (crests) or troughs of its electromagnetic wave

Electromagnetic spectrum

The full range of all the of electromagnetic radiation, organized by wavelength and frequency

Visible light

The narrow band of electromagnetic radiation humans can see

Photons

The fundamental particle of light and all other electromagnetic radiation, acting as a quantum of energy that exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties

Spectrophotometer

A technique that measures how much light a substance absorbs or transmits as a function of wavelength

Absorption spectrum

Shows which wavelengths of light a substance absorbs

Chlorophyll a

The primary green pigment in plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria

Chlorophyll b

A crucial green pigment in plants and algae that captures light energy for photosynthesis

Action spectrum

Depicts the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light

Carotenoids

Yellow, red, and orange pigments in plants, algae, and some bacteria

Photo system 1

A crucial protein complex in photosynthesis, capturing light energy to power the final steps of converting light into chemical energy

Photo system 2

A crucial protein complex in photosynthesis, located in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae, and Cyanobacteria. Captures light energy to split water molecules.

Reaction center complex

A core pigment-protein structure in photosynthesis that captures light energy and converts it into chemical energy by initiating electron transfer

Light harvesting complex

A protein-pigment structure in photosynthetic organisms that captures sunlight and funnels its energy to a reaction center for photosynthesis, increasing light absorption efficiency

Primary electron acceptor

The first molecule to receive a high-energy electron ejected from a reaction center chlorophyll after it absorbs light

Linear electron flow

The primary pathway in photosynthesis where electrons move in a single, non-cyclic direction from water through photosystem 2 and photosystem 1

Cyclic electron flow

A pathway where electrons cycle back to photosystem 1, generating ATP through proton pumping but not producing NADPH or oxegyn

Glyceraldehyde

The simplest sugar and an aldotriose

C fixation

The process of converting inorganic carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds, usually carbohydrates

Reduction in the Calvin Cycle

The crucial second stage of the Calvin cycle where energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH are used to convert 3-phosophoglycerate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a three carbon sugar, effectively reducing the Caron compound to store energy such as sugar

Regeneration of CO2 acceptor

Final phase of the Calvin cycle that recycles carbon back into the initial CO2 acceptor, allowing photosynthesis to continue