Chapter 16: Cell Signaling

These flashcards cover the key concepts and details related to cell signaling based on the lecture notes.

Signal transduction is the process whereby one type of signal is converted into __.

another.

The pancreas releases __ after eating, which lowers blood sugar.

insulin.

In cell signaling, the type that involves hormones traveling through the bloodstream is called __ signaling.

endocrine.

Most extracellular signal molecules are large and __, preventing them from crossing the plasma membrane directly.

hydrophilic.

The activated G protein α subunit switches itself off by __ its bound GTP to GDP.

hydrolyzing.

The three main classes of cell-surface receptors are __, G-protein-coupled receptors, and enzyme-coupled receptors.

ion-channel-coupled receptors.

G-protein-coupled receptors activate __ by exchanging GDP for GTP on the G protein.

G proteins.

An example of an extracellular signal molecule that binds to an ion-channel-coupled receptor is __.

acetylcholine.

In the signaling via enzyme-coupled receptors, when an RTK binds its signal molecule, it causes __ to occur, activating the intracellular signaling complex.

dimerization.

Intracellular signaling proteins can __, amplify, integrate, distribute, and modulate an incoming signal.

relay.

Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inactivating a protein called __.

Bad.

When a GPCR binds its signal molecule, the activated receptor signals to a __ on the cytosolic side of the plasma membrane.

trimeric G protein.

Gαs, when activated, stimulates __, increasing cAMP levels in the cell.

adenylyl cyclase.