The Cultural Landscape Chapter 2: Population

Malaria

________ was nearly eradicated in the mid- twentieth century by spraying DDT in areas infested with the mosquito that carries a parasite.

shape of a pyramid

The ________ is determined primarily by the CBR in the community.

Tuberculosis

________ (TB) is an example of an infectious disease that has been largely controlled and remains a major cause of death in LDCs.

Bangladesh

________ is an example of a country that has had little improvement in the wealth and literacy of its people, but 56 percent of the women in the country used contraceptives in 2009 compared to 6 percent three decades earlier.

Diaspora Project

________, based at St. Michaels hospital in Toronto, matched the global diffusion of H1N1 to airline travel patterns.

Malthus theory

The ________ seems unduly pessimistic on a global scale, but geographers recognize the diversity of conditions among regions of the world.

Geographers

________ study population problems by first describing where people are found across Earths space.

pandemic

A(n) ________ is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population.

Infectious disease microbes

________ have continuously evolved in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides.

demographic transition

A country reaches stage 4 of the ________ when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero.

1

The worldwide population increased rapidly during the second half of the twentieth century because few countries were in the two stages of demographic transition that have low population growth- no country remains in stage ________, and few have reached stage 4.

meaningful population measure

A more ________ is afforded by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region.

Marxist theorist Friedrich Engels

________ (1820- 1895) dismissed Malthuss arithmetic as an artifact of capitalism.

CBR

A country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition when the ________ begins to drop sharply.

ZPG

________ may occur when the CBR is still slightly higher than the CDR, because some females die before reaching childbearing years, and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary.

Chile

________ has changed from a predomi­nantly rural society based on agriculture to an urban society in which most people now work in factories, offices, and shops.

LDCs

The combined CDR for all ________ is actually lower than the combined rate for all MDCs.

China

________ is the worlds fourth- largest country in land area.

Mathuss theory

________ has been severely criticized from a variety of perspectives.

Southeast Asia

Around 600 million people live in ________, mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

Sri Lanka

________: CDR was reduced by nearly one- half in a single year with no change in the countrys s economy or culture.

Geographic methods

________ played a key role in understanding the cause of cholera during the early nineteenth century.

Death rates

________ did not decline immediately and universally during the early years of the Industrial Revolution.

Human beings

________ are not distributed uniformly across the Earths surface.

Life expectancy

________ at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.

medical revolution

The late- twentieth- century push of countries into stage 2 was caused by the ________.

age structure of a population

The ________ is extremely important in understanding similarities and differences among countries.

Lower CBRs

________ have been responsible for declining NIRs in most countries.

MDCs

________ have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.

Cape Verdes

During the first half of the twentieth century, ________ population declined, from 147, 000 in 1900 to 137, 000 in 1949.

Agricultural density

________ is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

English economist Thomas Malthus

________ (1766- 1834) was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.

NIR

The ________ can decline for only reasons- lower birth rates or higher death rates.

Natural increase rate

________ (NIR) is the percentage by which a population grows in a year.

Arithmetic density

________ enables geographers to compare the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.

portion of Earths surface

The ________ occupied by permanent human settlements is called the ecumene.

World food production

________ has consistently grown at a faster rate than the NIR since 1950.

TB

________ was one of the principal causes of death among the urban poor in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution.

Precipitation

________ may be concentrated at specific times of the year or spread throughout the year.

population growth

Poverty, hunger, and other social welfare problems associated with lack of economic development are a result of unjust social and economic institutions, not ________.

epidemiological transition

Stage 3 of the ________, is the stage of degenerative increase in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging.

Physiological density

________ provides insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region.

polar regions

The ________ are unsuitable for planting crops; few animals can survive the extreme cold, and few human beings live there.

agricultural densities

To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country, geographers examine a countrys physiological and ________ together.

arithmetic densities

Comparing physiological and ________ help geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people.

Medical researchers

________ have identified an epidemiologic transition that focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.

Deserts

________ generally lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed a large population, although some people survive thereby raising animals, such as camels, that are adapted to the climate.

impact of AIDS

The ________ has been felt most strongly in sub- Saharan Africa.

Population

________ in a country is influenced by the demographic transition in two principal ways- the percentage of the ________ in each age group and the distribution of males and females.

Julian Simon

________ argued that population growth stimulated economic growth.

Stage 1

Low Growth

Stage 2

High Growth

Stage 3

Moderate Growth

Young dependents outnumber the elderly ones by 10

1 in stage 2 countries, but the number of young and elderly dependents are roughly equal in stage 4 countries

In the United States, males under age of 15 exceed females 105

100

Cape Vercle

Stage 2 (High Growth)

Denmark

Stage 4 (Low Growth)

Sri Lanka

CDR was reduced by nearly one-half in a single year with no change in the countrys s economy or culture

Today

1 person, 1 unit of food

100 years from now

16 persons, 5 units of food

demography

scientific study of population characteristics

ecumene

portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements

arithmetic density

the total number of objects in an area

physiological density

the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land

agricultural density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

crude birth rate

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society

crude death rate

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society

natural increase rate

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

doubling time

the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase

total fertility rate

measures the number of births in a society

infant mortality rate

the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births

life expectancy

measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels

demographic transition

process of change in a society’s population

agricultural revolution

the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Industrial Revolution

began in England in the late eighteenth century and spread to the European continent and North America during the nineteenth century

zero population growth

point where CBR equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero

population pyramid

a country's population can be displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

sex ratio

number of males per hundred females in the population

epidemiologic transition

focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

epidemiology

branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

pandemic

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population