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Malaria
was nearly eradicated in the mid- twentieth century by spraying DDT in areas infested with the mosquito that carries a parasite.
shape of a pyramid
The is determined primarily by the CBR in the community.
Tuberculosis
(TB) is an example of an infectious disease that has been largely controlled and remains a major cause of death in LDCs.
Bangladesh
is an example of a country that has had little improvement in the wealth and literacy of its people, but 56 percent of the women in the country used contraceptives in 2009 compared to 6 percent three decades earlier.
Diaspora Project
, based at St. Michaels hospital in Toronto, matched the global diffusion of H1N1 to airline travel patterns.
Malthus theory
The seems unduly pessimistic on a global scale, but geographers recognize the diversity of conditions among regions of the world.
Geographers
study population problems by first describing where people are found across Earths space.
pandemic
A(n) is a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population.
Infectious disease microbes
have continuously evolved in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides.
demographic transition
A country reaches stage 4 of the when the CBR declines to the point where it equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero.
1
The worldwide population increased rapidly during the second half of the twentieth century because few countries were in the two stages of demographic transition that have low population growth- no country remains in stage , and few have reached stage 4.
meaningful population measure
A more is afforded by looking at the number of people per area of a certain type of land in a region.
Marxist theorist Friedrich Engels
(1820- 1895) dismissed Malthuss arithmetic as an artifact of capitalism.
CBR
A country moves from stage 2 to stage 3 of the demographic transition when the begins to drop sharply.
ZPG
may occur when the CBR is still slightly higher than the CDR, because some females die before reaching childbearing years, and the number of females in their childbearing years can vary.
Chile
has changed from a predominantly rural society based on agriculture to an urban society in which most people now work in factories, offices, and shops.
LDCs
The combined CDR for all is actually lower than the combined rate for all MDCs.
China
is the worlds fourth- largest country in land area.
Mathuss theory
has been severely criticized from a variety of perspectives.
Southeast Asia
Around 600 million people live in , mostly on a series of islands that lie between the Indian and Pacific oceans.
Sri Lanka
: CDR was reduced by nearly one- half in a single year with no change in the countrys s economy or culture.
Geographic methods
played a key role in understanding the cause of cholera during the early nineteenth century.
Death rates
did not decline immediately and universally during the early years of the Industrial Revolution.
Human beings
are not distributed uniformly across the Earths surface.
Life expectancy
at birth measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels.
medical revolution
The late- twentieth- century push of countries into stage 2 was caused by the .
age structure of a population
The is extremely important in understanding similarities and differences among countries.
Lower CBRs
have been responsible for declining NIRs in most countries.
MDCs
have lower agricultural densities because technology and finance allow a few people to farm extensive land areas and feed many people.
Cape Verdes
During the first half of the twentieth century, population declined, from 147, 000 in 1900 to 137, 000 in 1949.
Agricultural density
is the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
English economist Thomas Malthus
(1766- 1834) was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies.
NIR
The can decline for only reasons- lower birth rates or higher death rates.
Natural increase rate
(NIR) is the percentage by which a population grows in a year.
Arithmetic density
enables geographers to compare the number of people trying to live on a given piece of land in different regions of the world.
portion of Earths surface
The occupied by permanent human settlements is called the ecumene.
World food production
has consistently grown at a faster rate than the NIR since 1950.
TB
was one of the principal causes of death among the urban poor in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution.
Precipitation
may be concentrated at specific times of the year or spread throughout the year.
population growth
Poverty, hunger, and other social welfare problems associated with lack of economic development are a result of unjust social and economic institutions, not .
epidemiological transition
Stage 3 of the , is the stage of degenerative increase in deaths from infectious diseases and an increase in chronic disorders associated with aging.
Physiological density
provides insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources in a region.
polar regions
The are unsuitable for planting crops; few animals can survive the extreme cold, and few human beings live there.
agricultural densities
To understand the relationship between population and resources in a country, geographers examine a countrys physiological and together.
arithmetic densities
Comparing physiological and help geographers to understand the capacity of the land to yield enough food for the needs of the people.
Medical researchers
have identified an epidemiologic transition that focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
Deserts
generally lack sufficient water to grow crops that could feed a large population, although some people survive thereby raising animals, such as camels, that are adapted to the climate.
impact of AIDS
The has been felt most strongly in sub- Saharan Africa.
Population
in a country is influenced by the demographic transition in two principal ways- the percentage of the in each age group and the distribution of males and females.
Julian Simon
argued that population growth stimulated economic growth.
Stage 1
Low Growth
Stage 2
High Growth
Stage 3
Moderate Growth
Young dependents outnumber the elderly ones by 10
1 in stage 2 countries, but the number of young and elderly dependents are roughly equal in stage 4 countries
In the United States, males under age of 15 exceed females 105
100
Cape Vercle
Stage 2 (High Growth)
Denmark
Stage 4 (Low Growth)
Sri Lanka
CDR was reduced by nearly one-half in a single year with no change in the countrys s economy or culture
Today
1 person, 1 unit of food
100 years from now
16 persons, 5 units of food
demography
scientific study of population characteristics
ecumene
portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlements
arithmetic density
the total number of objects in an area
physiological density
the number of people supported by a unit area of arable land
agricultural density
the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
crude birth rate
the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society
crude death rate
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in society
natural increase rate
the percentage by which a population grows in a year
doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase
total fertility rate
measures the number of births in a society
infant mortality rate
the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age, compared with total live births
life expectancy
measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels
demographic transition
process of change in a society’s population
agricultural revolution
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Industrial Revolution
began in England in the late eighteenth century and spread to the European continent and North America during the nineteenth century
zero population growth
point where CBR equals the CDR, and the NIR approaches zero
population pyramid
a country's population can be displayed by age and gender groups on a bar graph
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years
sex ratio
number of males per hundred females in the population
epidemiologic transition
focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
epidemiology
branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
pandemic
a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population