BIO CELLS

Interphase definition

The stage in the cell cycle where cell grows, carries out cell functions, replicates chromatin, and prepares for division.

G1 phase definition

Cell growth

S phase definition

DNA replication

G2 phase definition

preparation for mitosis

Prophase definition

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase definition

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase definition

Phase of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase definition

chromosomes complete migration, nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes start to unravel

Cytokinesis Definition

division of the cytoplasm

Chromatin

relaxed form of DNA

sister chromatids

Identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S subphase of interphase.

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

The Cell Cycle

Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis

Stages of interphase in order

G1, S, G2

Stages of mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (PMAT)

Why do cells divide?

Development, Replace , Wound healing

spindle fibers

Protein structures which move the chromosomes during cell division.

Daughter cells of mitosis

Genetically identical cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

cell cycle checkpoints

mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of a cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages

G1 checkpoint

checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage

G2 checkpoint

checks for cell size and DNA replication

M checkpoint

Spindle assembly checkpoint. Mitosis will not continue if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

apoptoisis

programmed cell death

point mutation

gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed

substitution mutation

point mutation in which one nitrogeneous base (nucleotide) is changed to another

misssense mutation

Type of substitution mutation in which there is a change in one amino acid of the protein sequence

nonsense mutation

Type of substitution mutation in which a stop codon is reached early, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein.

silent mutation

Type of substitution mutation in which there is a change in a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created.

frameshift mutation

mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide

insertion mutation

a mutation in which one nucleotide is added

deletion mutation

a mutation in which one nucleotide is removed

cancer cells

Do not have a properly functioning cell-cycle system; instead, they divide excessively and can invade other tissues of the body

G0

resting phase

tumor suppressor genes

A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division, thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer.

Proto-oncogenes

normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells result in oncogenes

DNA repair genes

code for proteins that correct/repair DNA mutations