Time Period 1-2 APUSH

Southwest settlements

Settlements located in the southwestern region of the United States.

Northwest settlements

Settlements located in the northwestern region of the United States.

Great Plains cultures

Cultures that developed in the Great Plains region, known for their nomadic lifestyle and reliance on bison.

Mississippi River Valley cultures

Cultures that thrived along the Mississippi River, known for their agricultural practices and trade networks.

Cahokia

A major pre-Columbian Native American city located near present-day St. Louis, known for its large earthen mounds.

Iroquois Confederation

A political alliance of several Native American tribes in the northeastern United States.

Ferdinand & Isabella/the Reconquista

The Catholic Monarchs of Spain who completed the Reconquista, driving out Muslim rulers from the Iberian Peninsula.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer credited with discovering the Americas in 1492 while seeking a westward route to Asia.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement in the 16th century that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and reforms within Christianity.

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages of exploration along the African coast in the 15th century.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe.

Columbian Exchange

The transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods or services for profit.

joint-stock company

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders, allowing for investment in colonial ventures.

Encomienda system

A labor system that granted Spanish colonists the right to demand labor from Native Americans in exchange for protection and Christianization.

Middle Passage

The sea route taken by slave ships from West Africa to the Americas, notorious for its brutal conditions.

Spanish caste system

A hierarchical social structure in colonial Spanish America based on race and ethnicity.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Spanish Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of Native Americans and opposed the encomienda system.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

A Spanish philosopher who argued in favor of the subjugation of Native Americans.

corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies for profit.

royal colonies

Colonies directly controlled by the monarchy.

proprietary colonies

Colonies owned by individuals or groups who had been granted land by the monarchy.

Jamestown, 1607

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in Virginia.

Captain John Smith

An English soldier and explorer who played a crucial role in the establishment of Jamestown.

headright system

A system that granted land to settlers in the Virginia colony as an incentive for migration.

Plymouth Colony/Separatists (Pilgrims)

A colony established by English Separatists in 1620, known for its Mayflower Compact.

Massachusetts Bay Colony/Puritans

A colony established by Puritans in 1630, known for its religious focus and community governance.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, known for his vision of a 'city upon a hill.'

Great Migration

The period during the 1630s when thousands of Puritans migrated to New England.

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

The founder of the Maryland colony, known for promoting religious tolerance.

Maryland Act of Toleration

A 1649 law that granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland.

New England (region)

A northeastern region of the United States known for its early colonial settlements.

Roger Williams

A religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island and advocated for the separation of church and state.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who challenged the religious authorities in Massachusetts and was banished.

halfway covenant

A form of partial church membership created by New England Puritans in the 1660s.

William Penn

The founder of Pennsylvania, known for his Quaker beliefs and promotion of religious freedom.

Quakers

A religious group known for their pacifism and belief in equality.

James Oglethorpe/Georgia

The founder of the Georgia colony, established as a refuge for debtors and the poor.

Virginia House of Burgesses

The first legislative assembly in the American colonies, established in Virginia.

Mayflower Compact

An agreement made by the Pilgrims to govern themselves in the Plymouth Colony.

triangular trade

A system of trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving the exchange of goods and slaves.

mercantilism

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing the economy and accumulating wealth through trade.

Navigation Acts

A series of laws that regulated colonial trade to benefit England.

salutary neglect

An unofficial policy of relaxed enforcement of regulations in the colonies by the British government.

Dominion of New England

A short-lived administrative union of English colonies in the New England region.

Glorious Revolution

The 1688 overthrow of King James II of England, leading to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

A conflict between Native American tribes and English settlers in New England from 1675 to 1676.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1676 uprising in Virginia led by Nathaniel Bacon against the colonial government.

Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)

A 1680 uprising of Pueblo people against Spanish colonizers in present-day New Mexico.

indentured servants

Individuals who agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to America.

First Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1740s.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher known for his role in the First Great Awakening and his sermon 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.'

George Whitefield

An evangelist known for his powerful preaching during the First Great Awakening.

¨Old Lights¨ and ¨New Lights¨

Terms used to describe traditionalist and revivalist factions within the First Great Awakening.

Ben Franklin

An American polymath known for his contributions to science, politics, and diplomacy.

Phillis Wheatley

The first published African American female poet in the United States.

John Peter Zenger

A printer whose trial for libel in 1735 established the precedent for freedom of the press.

(American) Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 18th century emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.

John Locke/natural rights

An English philosopher whose ideas about natural rights influenced American political thought.