ANAPHY LECTURE MIDTERM

Stimuli (or stimulus)

Terms used to describe changes occurring inside and outside the body monitored by sensory input.

Integration

The nervous system function responsible for processing and interpreting sensory input to decide if action is needed.

Muscles or glands

The primary structures activated by motor output as a response to integrated stimuli.

Sensory input

The nervous system function that gathers information by monitoring internal and external body changes.

Motor output

The response generated by the nervous system to integrated stimuli.

Central nervous system (CNS)

The structural classification of the nervous system that includes both the brain and the spinal cord.

Outside the brain and spinal cord

The anatomical location of the nerve structures that compose the Peripheral Nervous System.

Sensory (afferent) division

The division of the peripheral nervous system composed of nerve fibers that carry information to the central nervous system.

Afferent division

Alternate medical term for the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system.

To the central nervous system

The specific direction in which sensory nerve fibers transport information relative to the central nervous system.

Sensory receptor

The structure in the functional diagram that detects stimuli before sending sensory input to the central nervous system.

Effector

The terminal structure in the functional diagram that receives motor output to produce a response.

Motor (efferent) division

The division of the peripheral nervous system composed of nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system.

Efferent division

Alternate medical term used to refer to the motor division of the peripheral nervous system.

Away from the central nervous system

The specific direction nerve fibers carry impulses relative to the central nervous system within the motor division.

Somatic nervous system

The voluntary subdivision of the motor (efferent) division.

Autonomic nervous system

The involuntary subdivision of the motor (efferent) division.

Skeletal muscle

The muscle type noted as voluntary under the somatic nervous system.

Smooth muscle

The muscle type noted as involuntary under the autonomic nervous system.

Central Nervous System (brain and spinal cord)

The central unit that houses the brain and spinal cord.

Cranial and spinal nerves

The specific nerve types that constitute the Peripheral Nervous System.

Sense organs

The structures that serve as the origin of input for the Sensory (afferent) division.

Sympathetic division

The division of the Autonomic Nervous System responsible for involuntary control over internal effectors alongside the parasympathetic division.

Parasympathetic division

The division of the Autonomic Nervous System listed alongside the sympathetic division.

Receptor - integrator - effector

What biological concept in biology this diagram is related?

Cardiac and smooth muscle, glands

The specific target effectors regulated by the Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

Skeletal muscles

The specific target effectors controlled by the Somatic (voluntary) nervous system.

Astrocytes

Abundant, star-shaped neuroglial cells in the central nervous system that brace neurons and control the chemical environment of the brain.

Blood-brain barrier

The protective structure formed by astrocytes together with tight junctions that filters what enters the brain.

Microglia

Specialized central nervous system support cells characterized as spider-like phagocytes that dispose of debris.

Ependymal cells

Supporting cells in the central nervous system that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Oligodendrocytes

Central nervous system glia responsible for producing myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.

Cerebrospinal fluid

The fluid circulating within the brain and spinal cord cavities moved by ependymal cells.

Brain's bodyguards + cleaners

Descriptive term used to summarize the defense function of microglia.

Glia

Alternative term for neuroglia.

Gliomas

The specific term for most brain tumors resulting from abnormal division of glia.

Neuroglia

The type of nervous tissue cells capable of undergoing cell division.

Neurons

The specialized nerve cells that lack the ability to divide.

Cell division

The fundamental cellular process to consider regarding the development of cancer.

Satellite cells

Support cells in the Peripheral Nervous System responsible for protecting neuron cell bodies.

Schwann cells

Support cells in the Peripheral Nervous System responsible for forming myelin sheaths around nerve fibers.

Barrier

The function of satellite cells.

Neurons

Specialized nerve cells that function to transmit messages.

Cell body

The major region of a neuron containing the nucleus and serving as the metabolic center of the cell.

Processes

Fibers that extend from the neuron cell body, such as dendrites and axons.

Electrical signal

The specific nature of the messages transmitted by neurons.

Large nucleolus

The prominent sub-nuclear structure within the neuron cell body indicated to contain lots of ribosomes.

Dendrites

The neuron extensions that conduct impulses toward the cell body.

Axons (or Axon)

The single neuron process that conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Axonal terminal

The branching structures at the distal end of an axon.

Vesicles (or vesicles with neurotransmitters)

The membrane-bound sacs within axonal terminals that store neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters

The chemical substances contained within vesicles inside axonal terminals.

Synaptic cleft

The fluid-filled space or gap separating adjacent neurons at a junction.

Synapse

The functional junction connecting nerves to one another.

Schwann cells

The supportive cells responsible for producing myelin sheaths around axons in a jelly-roll like fashion.

Nodes of Ranvier

The structural gaps within the myelin sheath located at intervals along the axon.

Multiple Sclerosis (or MS)

The specific neurological condition in which the myelin sheath is destroyed.

Scleroses

The hardened tissue structure formed when the myelin sheath undergoes degradation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Autoimmune disease

The disease classification assigned to Multiple Sclerosis based on the body's immune system attacking its own tissues.

Myelin sheath

The neural structure targeted and destroyed during the progression of Multiple Sclerosis.

Gray matter

The central nervous system region comprised of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.

Nuclei

Clusters of cell bodies located specifically within the white matter of the central nervous system.

Ganglia

Collections of cell bodies located outside the central nervous system.

Central nervous system

The primary system where most neuron cell bodies are found.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

The location of ganglia clusters.

Proprioceptors

Specialized sensory receptors responsible for detecting stretch or tension.

Cutaneous sense organs

Sensory organs located in the skin that receive external stimuli.

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Functional class of neurons responsible for carrying impulses from sensory receptors.

Motor (efferent) neurons

Functional class of neurons responsible for carrying impulses from the central nervous system.

Interneurons (or association neurons)

Neurons located within neural pathways of the central nervous system that link sensory and motor neurons.

Muscle joints inner ear (detects changes in body position)

The specific body regions/structures associated with proprioceptors.

Multipolar neurons

The structural classification of neurons characterized by having many extensions extending from the cell body.

Motor neurons or interneurons

The functional roles usually filled by multipolar neurons.

Motor neuron

The specific type of neuron that controls skeletal muscle and serves as an example of a multipolar neuron.

Integrate lots of input from other neurons and send out a single, coordinated output

The primary computational task performed by multipolar neurons.

Bipolar neurons

The structural classification of neurons characterized by having one axon and one dendrite.

Unipolar neurons

The structural classification of neurons characterized by having a short single process leaving the cell body.

Rare, specialized

The descriptive terms used to characterize bipolar neurons.

Dorsal root ganglion

The location where the cell body of a unipolar sensory neuron is found.

Central branch

The branch of a unipolar neuron that carries signals from the cell body and enters the spinal cord (CNS).

Peripheral branch

The branch of a unipolar neuron that carries signals from the receptor to the cell body.

Irritability

The physiological property defined as the ability to respond to stimuli.

Conductivity

The physiological property defined as the ability to transmit an impulse.

Polarized

The state of the plasma membrane at rest.

Inside the cell is less positive (or fewer positive ions inside than outside)

The relative charge state inside the cell at rest.

Depolarization

The process initiated when a stimulus acts upon and alters the resting potential of the neuron's membrane.

Sodium (Na+)

The specific ion allowed to flow inside the membrane once depolarization occurs.

Action potential

The electrical event in the neuron initiated by the exchange of ions across the membrane.

Less negative (more positive)

The ionic state condition inside the cell during depolarization.

Potassium ions

The specific ions that rush out of the neuron after sodium ions rush in to repolarize the membrane.

Repolarization (or repolarizes the membrane)

The membrane process restored by potassium ions rushing out of the neuron.

Sodium-potassium pump

The cellular mechanism responsible for restoring the original ion configuration across the membrane.

ATP

The energy currency molecule required for the sodium-potassium pump to restore the original configuration.

Nerve impulse

The alternative term listed for an action potential.

Myelin sheath

The axonal coating that allows impulses to travel faster along nerve fibers.

Propagation of the action potential

The stage showing the movement of the action potential down the axon.

Repolarization

The stage where potassium ions (K+) move outward to restore the negative internal charge.

Toward the cell body

The directional movement of the impulse.

Neurotransmitter

The chemical messenger released from a nerve's axon terminal to bridge the gap to another neuron.

Dendrite

The receiving neuronal structure of the adjacent neuron that contains receptors stimulated by neurotransmitters.