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Who came up with the heliocentric model, and what was it?
Copernicus; The sun is at the center of our solar system, Earth is one of many revolving planets.
Who was Tycho Brahe?
Studied universe and Copernican model, but died before his results which supported Copernicus were published.
Who ended up publishing Brahe's work?
Johannes Kepler
What were Kepler's three principles of planetary motion?
Planets have elliptical orbits, not circular. (Law of Orbits) A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time at any place in its orbit. (Law of Areas) Clear relationship between a planet's orbital speed and distance from the sun (Law of Periods).
Describe what Galileo Galilei did.
Designed the first telescope, found and named many things in the universe. Proves Kepler and Copernicus correct. He created the "Law of Falling Bodies" which states that if bodies have the same mass, in the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration, independent of their mass.
Who was Huygens?
Dutch mathematician who studied physics and astronomy. Calculated numbers for laws of reflections and refractions, and proposed that light acted as waves. Huygens Principle: every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. The sum of these spherical wavelets forms a new wavefront. Invented the pendulum clock.
Who was Descartes?
He was a mathematician and philosopher. He created the mind-body problem by proposing the question: Am I a mind with a body or a body with a mind? He used deductive reasoning which uses observations to create a theory. Additionally, his most famous quote was "I think, therefore I am," which he said that because he had doubt, he had to be a logical, reasoning being. He also created the coordinate plane (Cartesian Coordinate Plane).
Who was Sir Francis Bacon?
He was an English scientist and philosopher. He helped to create the original scientific method, and he used inductive reasoning which creates inferences based off of observations.
Who was Leeuwenhoek?
Considered the father of microbiology, he helped make the microscope much better and found protists and other microorganisms.
Who was Gilbert?
English scientist who was a man of science during Elizabeth's reign. He discovered the magnetism of the Earth and the compass's direction which reacts to the Earth's poles. He found that magnetic North and true North are different.
Who was Lavoisier?
He helped to discover the Law of Conservation of Mass and is labeled the "Father of Modern Chemistry." Concluded water was a compound, not an element.
Who was Vesalius?
He was in the field of anatomy and surgery. He was the first to discover true human anatomy. He made the first anatomy textbook and was a top surgeon at the time.
Who was Boyle?
Irish chemist who proposed that the volume of gas decreases with increasing pressure, and therefore theorized that the two are inversely related. (Boyle's Law) He discovered properties of air.
Who was Harvey?
Discovered blood circulation and the way blood flows through the body. He proved that blood constantly circulates and comes from the heart. He also discovered one-way valves. Considered the father of cardiac surgery and paved the way for transplants and artificial hearts.
Who was Newton?
English mathematician and physicist. Helps discover gravity, three laws of motion (f=ma, object in motion stays in motion, equal and opposite reaction). He was fundamental to modern physics
Why did spices become popular in Europe during the renaissance?
To make food taste better, to make preserved food taste better, there was more money able to buy spices.
Who was Bartholomew Diaz?
He was the first person to get around the horn of Africa, renamed "Cape of Storms" to "Cape of Good Hope." (Portuguese)
Who was Vasco de Gama?
Reaches India and sets up spice trade for Portugal. Portugal becomes the first European global power with a massive spice trade network.
Why did Christopher Columbus, an Italian, explore for Spain?
Spain wants to compete with Portugal, and Columbus proposes a new way to get to India.
Why does Columbus believe he can go west?
He doesn't know about North America, but he does know the globe is circular.
Who was Amerigo Vespucci?
He discovered mainland American mainland (Florida), and Columbus is very mad that America is named after Amerigo.
Who was Magellan?
Finds "Strait of Magellan" to get past the new world to the Pacific. Killed by natives in the Philippines, but the crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Portuguese, but mostly sailed for Spain.
Why do countries shift to land colonization as well as the spice trade?
To find other raw materials such as gold, to get more land (Age of Imperialism), to convert Natives to catholicism
Who was Balboa?
Discovered the Pacific Ocean, Spanish, explored Panama
Who was Cabot?
Italian, but sailed for England, claimed Canada and Newfoundland for Britain, establishes British Transatlantic trade
Who was Hudson?
English, tried to go North to England twice, went to Canada and Hudson bay, strait and river are named after him. Attempted to find the Northwest Passage.
What was the northwest passage, and does it exist?
It was a river route through America to get to the Indies, and no, at least not efficiently.
Who was Pizzaro?
Spanish, founded Peru, destroyed Incan Empire, contributed to Spanish Dominance
Who was Cortez?
He was Spanish, went to Mexico for gold and to convert people to Catholicism. Destroyed Aztec Empire because they thought he was Quetzeqotl. It was a few hundred vs thousands.
Who was James Cook?
He was a British explorer, well educated, mapped Oceana coastline, explored Canada, Circumnavigated globe, British settlement of Australia and New Zealand. Found new species of plants.
Who was Vespucci?
Born Italian, sailed Spanish. Explored Mexico and N.A. Found mouth of Amazon river, sailed the tip of South America, responsible for calling it the new world. His third voyage was for Portugal.
Who was Cartier?
Found St. Laurance River, wanted Gold, Spices, and to find Northern Passage. Maps Southern Canada, claims CA for France, helped give Canada its name. Found great lakes.
Who was leader of the Aztecs when they were captured?
Montezuma
Who was leader of Incan empire when it fell?
Atahualpa
Who was Ambroise Pare?
French doctor who helped with the discovery of prosthetics and battlefield medicine.
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