D&E Unit 1 Test Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering concepts, evolutionary principles, cellular differences, and key organisms from Chapters 1, 26, 27, and 28.

Systematics

The study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

Taxonomy

The hierarchical classification of organisms from Domain down to species.

Binomial nomenclature

The two-part naming system for species, including genus and species, invented by Carl Linnaeus.

Branch Points

Hatch marks or split points on a phylogenetic tree representing the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor.

Monophyletic

A phylogenetic clade or group that consists of an ancestral species and all of its descendants.

Paraphyletic

A phylogenetic group that consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of its descendants.

Polyphyletic

A phylogenetic group that includes taxa with different ancestors; protists are defined as polyphyletic because they lack a single common ancestor exclusive to them.

Homology

Phenotypic and genetic similarities between organisms due to shared ancestry.

Analogy

Similarity between organisms due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry.

Convergent evolution

The independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages driven by similar environmental pressures.

Divergent evolution

The process by which closely related species evolve distinct traits leading to speciation.

Exotoxins

Toxic proteins secreted by living pathogenic bacteria into their surrounding environment.

Endotoxins

Toxic lipopolysaccharide components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria that are released only when the bacteria die and cell walls lyse.

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacteria with simple cell walls containing a thick peptidoglycan layer that retains crystal violet stain.

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bacteria with complex cell walls containing less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane containing endotoxins.

Endosymbiotic Theory

The theory that eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and plastids originated as small prokaryotes living inside larger host cells.

Thermus aquaticus

A heat-tolerant bacterium listed as a required scientific name to recognize for Unit 1.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A pathogenic bacterial species responsible for causing tuberculosis.

Vibrio cholerae

A pathogenic bacterium responsible for causing cholera.

Clostridium botulinum

An exotoxin-producing pathogenic bacterium responsible for causing botulism.

Salmonella typhi

A pathogenic bacterial species responsible for causing typhoid fever.

Helicobacter pilori

A bacterial organism listed as a required scientific name to recognize for Unit 1.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A pathogenic bacterial species responsible for causing gonorrhea.

Borrelia burgdorferi

A bacterial pathogen transmitted by ticks that causes Lyme disease.

Giardia intestinalis

A pathogenic single-celled eukaryotic protist parasite.

Trypansoma brucei

A protist parasite listed as a required scientific name to recognize for Unit 1.

Phytophthora infestans

A protist pathogen responsible for potato late blight.

Pfiesteria shumwayae

A dinoflagellate protist species listed as a required scientific name to recognize for Unit 1.

Amoeba proteus

A free-living single-celled protist organism.

Entamoeba histolytica

A pathogenic amoebic protist parasite causing amoebic dysentery.

Plasmodium malariae

A apicomplexan protist parasite responsible for causing malaria.