Studied by 7 people
What are macronutrients and what nutrients are listed under this category?
energy-yielding nutrients
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
What are micronutrients and what nutrients are listed under this category?
non-energy-yielding nutrients
vitamins, minerals, and water
What are organic nutrients and what nutrients are listed under this category?
contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds (living)
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and vitamins
What are inorganic nutrients and what nutrients are listed under this category?
do not contain carbon or pertain to living things
minerals and water
How many kcalories are there in 1 gram of protein? Carbohydrates? Fat?
4, 4, 9
What is included under DRIs (dietary reference intakes)?
Estimated Average Requirements
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
Adequate Intake (AI)
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
What is the “Estimated Average Requirements” DRI?
the amount that appears sufficient to maintain a specific body function in HALF of the population
What is the “Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)” DRI?
average daily amount of nutrients considered adequate to meet the nutrient needs of nearly ALL healthy people
What is the “Adequate Intake (AI)” DRI?
reflects the average amount of nutrients that a group of healthy people consume
What is the “Tolerable Upper Intake Levels” DRI?
the maximum amount of a nutrient that appears SAFE for most healthy people
What percent of kcalories in our diets is supposed to come from protein?
10-35%
What percent of kcalories in our diets is supposed to come from fat?
20-35%
What percent of kcalories in our diets is supposed to come from carbohyrates?
45-65%
What are essential nutrients?
nutrients a person must obtain from food because the body cannot make them for itself in sufficient quantity to meet physiological needs
40 known
What is nutrient density?
a measure of the nutrients a food provides relative to the energy it provides
What is digestion?
the process by which food is broken down into absorbable units
What is a bolus?
the amount of food swallowed at one time
What is chyme?
a semiliquid mass that the stomachs secretions forms, which then is released through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine
What is the general order that food follows through the digestive system?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon, anus
What substance protects the walls of the stomach from the acidity of gastric juices (pepsin, gastric juice, and hydrochloric acid)?
goblet cells that secrete mucus and coats/protects the stomach cells
What does bicarbonate do in the small intestine?
neutralizes the acidic chyme that arrives from the stomach
Where does the absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, fat, and vitamins occur in the digestive system?
small intestine
What is hydrolysis?
a chemical reaction in which a major reactant is split into two products
process by which disaccharides are split into two units, each yielding one monosaccharide
What are monosaccharides?
simple sugars
glucose, fructose, galactose
What are the characteristics of glucose?
mildly sweet
“blood sugar”
serves as an essential energy source for ALL of the body’s activities
one of the two sugars in every disaccharide
unit from which polysaccharides are made exclusively
What are the characteristics of fructose?
intensely sweet
“fruit sugar”
occurs naturally in fruits and honey, but is also present in products such as soft drinks, ready-to-eat cereals, and desserts that have been sweetened with HFCS
What are the characteristics of galactose?
barely sweet
precipitant to “milk sugar” → binds with glucose to form lactose, which is the sugar in milk
What are disaccharides?
sugars composed of pairs of monosaccharides
What are the characteristics of maltose?
glucose + glucose
produced whenever the polysaccharide, starch, breaks down
What are the characteristics of sucrose?
glucose + fructose
table sugar; brown, white, and powdered sugar available at the grocery store
What are the characteristics of lactose?
glucose + galactose
milk sugar
What is condensation?
the process by which two monosaccharides are linked together forming one disaccharide
What is fiber?
structural part of plants
found in plant-derived foods: vegetables, fruits, grains, and legumes
not digested by human digestive enzymes, although some are digested by GI bacteria
What are triglycerides?
lipids composed of three fatty acids attached to one glycerol
chief form of fat in the diet and storage form of fat in the body
usually consist of more than one type of fatty acids
Where is cholesterol found?
only in animal sources: meat, fish, eggs, poultry, and dairy products
What does hydrogenation do?
produce trans-fatty acids
What are some characteristics of trans-fatty acids?
similar to saturated fats
may be linked to heart disease
What is the protein RDA?
0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight per day
increases in children, pregnant women, and those with illness or injury
What is nitrogen balance?
protein synthesis should balance with degradation, and protein intake from food should balance with nitrogen excretion in the urine, feces, and sweat
What is nitrogen balance (as in equilibrium)?
nitrogen intake equals nitrogen output
What is a positive nitrogen balance?
nitrogen intake is greater than nitrogen output
growing infants, children, pregnant women, and people recovering from protein deficiency or illness (since they need more protein everyday)
What is a negative nitrogen balance?
nitrogen intake is less than nitrogen output
malnourishment, burns, injuries, infections, fever
the body loses nitrogen stores as it breaks down muscle and other body proteins for energy
What are the characteristics of Marasmus?
chronic PEM (protein-energy malnutrition)
inadequate energy and protein
muscles, including the heart, weaken
impairs brain development
reduced synthesis of key hormones slows metabolism and lowers body temperature
growth ceases
enzymes are in short supply and the GI tract lining deteriorates; the child can no longer digest or absorb the little amounts of food that are eaten
What are the characteristics of Kwashiorkor?
acute PEM (protein-energy malnutrition)
typically occurs when breastfeeding ends, and children are switched to diluted cereal drinks
usually a result of protein deficiency, or may be precipitated by an illness
proteins and hormones that regulate fluid balance diminish, and edema results
lack of protein carriers that transport fat out of the liver causes the belly to bulge with fatty liver
child’s hair loses color
inadequate protein synthesis leaves the skin patchy and scaly, often with sores that fail to heal
lack of proteins to carry iron results in unbound iron, which contributes to illnesses and deaths by promoting bacterial growth and free-radical damage
What are the functions of protein?
growth and maintenance: form integral parts of most body structures, such as skin, tendons, membranes, muscle, organs, and bones; support the growth and repair of body tissues
enzymes: facilitate chemical reactions
hormones: some are proteins that regulate body processes (chemical messengers)
fluid balance: helps to maintain the volume and composition of body fluids; inadequate amounts causes edema (swelling)
acid-base balance: act as buffers in order to maintain acid-base balance
transportation: transports substances, such as lipids, vitamins, minerals, and oxygen around the body
antibodies: inactivate foreign invaders, thus protecting the body against disease
energy: provide some fuel for the body’s energy needs
What is metabolism?
the sum total of all chemical reactions that go on in living cells
What does aerobic mean?
with oxygen
What does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
What are the characteristics of the anaerobic pathway of metabolism?
only glucose can be used this way
provides a rapid, yet limited, form of energy
What is thermogenesis?
the body’s generation of heat
can be measured to determine the amount of energy (kcals) expended
What percent of energy is expended on BMR?
50-65%
What percent is expended on the thermic effect of food?
10%
What is a safe rate for weight loss?
1/2 to 2 pounds per week
What is satiety?
the feeling of fullness that occurs after a meal and inhibits eating until the next meal
What are the parameters of risk for the waist-to-hip ratio for both men and women?
Men: greater than 0.9
Women: greater than 0.8
What are the parameters of risk for the waist circumference for both men and women?
Men: greater than 40 inches
Women: greater than 35 inches
What are some characteristics of fat cells?
increases most rapidly during the growing years of life (gestational, childhood, and puberty)
expand as they fill with fat droplets
may divide
What is the minimum number of kcalories needed for nutritional adequacy?
1200
What is anencephaly?
a neural tube defect that means the absence of a brain
What is Spina Bifida?
incomplete closure of the spinal cord
What factors increase the risk of Spina Bifida?
previous pregnancy affected by neural tube defect
maternal diabetes
maternal use of antiseizure medications
maternal obesity
exposure to high temperatures during early stages of pregnancy (prolonged fever or hot tube use)
race/ethnicity (more common among whites and hispanics)
low socioeconomic status
What are the folate recommendations for women of childbearing age (before pregnancy)?
400 micrograms/d
What are the folate recommendations for women who are currently pregnant?
600 micrograms/d
What is the average amount of weight a woman should gain during her pregnancy?
3.5 pounds during first trimester and then 1 pound per week thereafter
What are a woman’s energy needs during her first trimester?
0 kcals/day extra
What are a woman’s energy needs during her second trimester?
340 kcals/day extra
What are a woman’s energy needs during her third trimester?
450 kcals/day extra
What contributes to nursing bottle tooth decay?
putting your child to bed with a bottle
At what age should solid foods first be introduced?
4-6 months
What solid foods should be introduced first?
iron-fortified cereal with breast milk, formula, or water
pureed vegetables and fruits
Why are new foods introduced one at a time?
to make sure the child tolerates it
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Flashcard (46)