Biological Anthropology Genetics Test

DNA Sequence chains are called

Chromosomes

Which of Mendel's law was used as evidence for the fact that with garden peas, one physical unit is from the father and one is from the mother

Mendel's law of segregation

What is usually inherited in matrilineal vs patrilineal

mtDNA and Y chromosome DNA

mtDNA

mitochondrial DNA, found in the mitochondria, contains 37 genes essential for energy production, maternally passed down

Pleiotropy

when a single gene can affect multiple physical and biochemical traits

codominant

Alleles that have both affects shown in the phenotype

Gametes

haploid cell, sex cell, half the amount of chromosomes as a somatic cell

Somatic cells

any cells of the body, diploid cells, two sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment

the alleles of different genes segregate independently of one another during gamete formation, 2^n where n is the number of chromosomes

gene pool

the individual genotypes in a breeding population taken as a whole

Research on epigenetics indicates that environmental factors can cause heritable, chemical changes in the genome without changing the DNA sequences.

true

how are amino acids joined together

peptide bonds, a covalent bond

what are amino acids joined together called

protein chain

what is the shape of a DNA molecule

helix

regulatory protein

protein that controls a biological process, interacts with other molecules, binds to specific DNA sequences eg. estrogen, antibodies, cyclins

Mitosis

one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells, produces 2 diploid somatic cells

Meiosis

two stages of cell division, resulting in four haploid daughter cells from a single diploid parent cell, produces gametes (sex cells), chromosome number is reduced

who first demonstrated the principles of genetic inheritance

Gregor Mendel

epigenetics

the study of how environmental factors and behaviors like diet and stress can alter gene activity without changing the DNA sequence

polygenism

the theory that humans evolved from several indecent pairs of ancestors

homeotic genes

controls development of entire body structures, a mutation would be one part growing from another

what are the four DNA bases and what do they pair with?

Adenine with Thymine, Guanine bonds with Cytosine

genotype

the genetic makeup of an individual

nondisjunction

failure of chromosomes to separate during cell division, resulting in daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes, most common example is down syndrome

mRNA

messenger RNA, single stranded, crucial in translation, carries genetic info from DNA to cytoplasm

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23, 22 somatic pairs and 1 gamete

Mendel's law of segregation

one allele comes from each parent for each trait, resulting in 2 alleles per trait

nucleotide

phospate, sugar and nitrogen base

haplotype

a group of alleles that are close together on a chromosome

karyotypes

complete set of chromosomes, includes autosomes and sex chromosomes

homologous chromosomes

a pair of matching chromosomes in a diploid organism

what is the different base pair that RNA has

uracil

methylation

the process of adding a methyl group to a molecule, usually stops or represses the expression of a gene

Why do the blood types of a person providing blood for a transfusion, and the person receiving the blood, have to be of a compatible ABO type?

Blood type compatibility is essential because the recipient's immune system will attack and destroy donated red blood cells if they have foreign antigens. To prevent a dangerous transfusion reaction, compatible blood is needed, where the recipient doesn't have antibodies against the donor's blood cell antigens.

Mendel's experiments with pea plants showed that crossing plants with yellow seeds with plants with green seeds produced only offspring with yellow seeds. This finding illustrates the principle of

dominance

Individuals whose blood type is A and who carry both dominant and recessive genes at this locus have a genotype of

AO

Transcription occurs mostly in the __________ and results in the __________.

cells nucleus, production of mRNA

heteroplasmic

the biological state where an individual possesses two or more different types of mitochondrial DNA

homoplasmic

nDNA same in all cells

living fossil

living counterpart to a species known from ancient times as fossils

linkage

when genes located close together on the chromosome are inherited together as a unit during meiosis

Rosalind Franklin

discovered the helix structure of DNA through X-ray diffraction

Hox genes

regulator genes, determine placement of body parts, instructions for embryonic development

genome

the complete set of genes in an individual cell

how many chemical bases is each amino acid coded for by

3

where is DNA found in the cell?

mostly in the nucleus, with a small amount in the mitochondria

gene pool

all the alleles contained within a group of interbreeding individuals

polygenic traits

characteristics influenced by two or more genes rather than a single gene

genome

the total dna sequence of an organism

What does DNA do in protein synthesis

it is the biological code for protein synthesis, serves as a template for protein production, provides code to produce structural proteins

The scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics was

Gregor Mendel

what are the blood types, the present antigens, and corresponding genotypes

Type A- a antigen AA AO genotype, Type B- b antigen BB BO, Typ AB- A and B antigens AB, Type O- no antigens OO, AB is universal recipient, OO is universal donor

Genotype, phenotype and allele frequency

#of individuals with a specific phenotyp/genotype / total individuals in the population #of specific allele in the population / total alleles in population, 2 alleles per genotype

Genotype counts:

AA- 30

Aa- 50

aa- 20

Allele counts

A- 30x2=60 + 50

a- 20x2=40 + 50

what are the four forces of evolution

mutation, natural selection, gene flow, genetic drift

mutation

random changes in the code, only true source of new alleles, can be spontaneous or induced Point mutation, which is when a nitrogen base, adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), or guanine (G) is replaced. Another type of mutation is a frameshift mutation. This is when rather than the replacement of a nitrogen base, a nitrogen base is inserted or deleted. The third type of mutation is chromosomal. Chromosomal mutation consists of error that occurs during the meiosis of sex cells and you result in more chromosomes. These mutations are very rare so they do not heavily affect allele frequencies.

natural selection

The second force of evolution is natural selection. Natural selection is not random, it is entirely dependent on the environment. It occurs when there are different levels of fitness, or measure of how many offspring an individual has produced. There are three types of selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection, and disrupting selection. Stabilizing selection is when one of two extreme phenotypes is selected for, directional selection is when phenotypes at both extremes are selected against and disruptive selection in the middle range are selected against. Natural selection can cause micro evolution, or change in allele frequency over a long period of time.

gene flow

less random, spread of genetic material between populations, decreases differences in allele frequencies between groups increases diversity within groups, non-random we can predict what will happen

genetic drift

random change in allele frequencies from one generation to the next, based on the law of probability all about chance, increases allele frequency between groups, diversity within a group decreases,

founders effect

when a new population is established by a small number of individuals who are not genetically representative or the large population

reproductive isolation

biological barriers that prevent different species from interbreeding

microevolution

small changes from generation to generation

macroevolution

small changes accumulate to lead to big changes in species

population

a group of individuals living and interbreeding in the same area d

deme

a local population of organisms that have similar genes, interbreed and produce offspring

species

individuals who are capable of breeding with each other and producing viable fertile offspring

translocation

non homologous chromosomes exchanging DNA segments during meiosis

steps in DNA replication

DNA unzips, each strand is a template for assemble of new complementary strand

polygenetic traits

characteristics influenced by two or more genes

tRNA

seeks complementary triplet strands of mRNA codons, contains codons that correspond to specific amino acids, brings amino acids together

dominant allele

masks ressecive trait,

what does DNA replication produce

two identical copies of itself

mendel's law of dominance

one allele masks the effect of another allele