Unit 10 IV and fluiuds

Intracellular fluid

fluid INSIDE the cell (makes up 60% of the fluid in the body)

Extracellular fluid

Fluid outside the cell in different compartments (40% of the fluid in the body)

Extracellular fluid compartments

Interstital

intravascular

transcellular

Interstitial fluid 

Fluid in the spaces btwn the cells and outside the blood vessels 

Intravascular fluid

Fluid in the vein, the liquid part of blood(plasma), most important for fluids to be here to help move electrolytes and properly oxygenate the body

Transcellular fluid

Fluids such as cerebrospinal, pleural, peritoneal, and synovial fluids, are secreted by epithelial cells

First Spacing

Fluid is in the correct spot normal distribution of fluid

Second spacing

Fluid is in the extracellular area (ex.pitting edema)

Third spacing

Excessive amount of fluid that accumulates in the wrong areas

Sodium Normal range 

136-45

Sodium

Major cation of ECF

Roles of sodium

• Muscle/cardiac contraction

• nerve transmission

• Primary electrolyte responsible for plasma osmolarity

Foods high in sodium

Smoked salmon, pickled foods, snack foods, condiments

Balance of sodium

Balance regulated by ADH and aldosterone

Normal range Potassium 

3.5-5.0 

Low sodium

Hyponatremia

High sodium

Hyper natremia

Low potassium

hypokalemia 

high potassium

hyperkalemia

Major cation of ICF

Potassium

Sources of Potassium in diet

• highest in may veggies and fruits 

• avocados, oranges, bananas 

Roles of potassium

• Transmits electrical impulses (Heart, GI, neuro, Respiratory)

• Plays a role in acid-base balance

Regulation/balance of potassium

Regulated by the kidneys (exchange with sodium in kidney tubules, secretion of aldosterone)

GI secretions are high in this electrolyte

Insulin causes movement into cells (insulin pushes this electrolyte if it is outside of cells into the cells)

Normal range calcium

9-10.5 

Low calcium

hypocalcemia

high calcium

hypercalcemia

When more calcium is needed….

parathyroid hormone is released 

When excess calcium is present…

The thyroid gland secretes thyrocalcitonin

Roles of calcium

• bone formation

• nerve impulse

• muscle contraction

Diet/absorption of calcium 

• Enters body through dietary intake and absorption through intestinal tract 

• absorption requires the active form of vitamin D 

• Found in dairy, rhubarb, kale, broccoli, collards 

________ has a reciprocal relationship with calcium when _____ is up calcium is down and vice versa

phosphate, Phosphate

Normal range phosphate

3.0-4.5

Low phosphate 

hypophosphatemia 

High phosphate

hyperphosphatemia

Primary anion in ICF

Phosphate 

Founds high in phosphate

Tuna, dairy, beef, legumes

Roles of phosphate

Essential in the function of muscles, red blood cells and the nervous system

Involved in acid-base buffering system, ATP production, cellular uptake of glucose and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Maintenance/control of phosphate 

Maintenance requires adequate renal functioning (excretion)

Serum levels controlled by parathyroid hormone  

Normal range for magnesium

1.3-2.1

low magnesium

hypomagnesemia

High magnesium

Hypermagnesemia

______ gets along with calcium when calcium is high _____ is high and vise versa 

magnesium, magnesium 

Roles of magnesium

• Maintaining neuromuscular activity

• metabolism of carbohydrates and protein

• activation of intracellular enzyme systems

• regulates balance of potassium and calcium

Sources of magnesium in the diet

Nuts, beans, fish, meat, spinach, seeds

Normal range for Chloride 

98-106

Low chloride

hypochloremia

high chloride

hyperchloremia

Major anion of ecf 

Chloride 

Where is chloride found

• gastric secretions, pancreatic juices, bile

When _______ is retained chloride is often retained causing an increase in water retention

Sodium