MICRO - Bacteria associated with RTIs 2 (Bordetella / Haemophilus influenzae/Klebsiella/Pseudomonas)

Bordetella

What genus of Gram-negative bacteria is known for causing whooping cough?

Coccobacilli

What is the shape of Bordetella species?

Gram-negative

What is the Gram reaction of Bordetella species?

Non-spore-forming

Are Bordetella species spore-forming or non–spore-forming?

Aerobic

What is the oxygen requirement of Bordetella species?

Bordetella pertusis

What Bordetella species causes whooping cough?

Bordetella bronchiseptica

What Bordetella species causes kennel cough in dogs and occasional human infection?

Humans

What is the reservoir of Bordetella pertussis?

Respiratory droplets

How is Bordetella pertussis transmitted?

7-10 days

What is the incubation period of pertussis?

Filamentous hemagglutinin

What structure allows Bordetella pertussis to attach to ciliated epithelial cells?

Tracheal cytotoxin

What toxin paralyzes cilia in Bordetella pertussis infection?

Pertussis toxin

What toxin in Bordetella pertussis causes lymphocytosis?

Adenylate cyclase toxin

What toxin increases cAMP levels by activating adenylate cyclase?

Dermonecrotic toxin

What toxin causes tissue necrosis in Bordetella pertussis infection?

Endotoxin

What component of Bordetella pertussis cell wall contributes to inflammation?

Catarrhal, Paroxysmal, Convalescent

What are the three clinical stages of pertussis?

Catarrhal stage

During which stage of pertussis is the patient most infectious?

Paroxysmal stage

What stage of pertussis is characterized by violent coughing fits?

Whoop

What characteristic sound is produced during pertussis coughing fits?

Apnea

What is a major complication of Bordetella pertussis in infants?

Infants

What age group is most affected by pertussis?

Bordet-Gengou agar

What laboratory medium is used to culture Bordetella pertussis?

Regan-Lowe medium

What alternative medium can be used for Bordetella pertussis culture?

Nasopharyngeal swab

What sample is collected for Bordetella pertussis diagnosis?

Direct fluorescent antibody test

What test detects Bordetella pertussis antigen directly from samples?

Polymerase chain reaction

What is the preferred method for rapid diagnosis of Bordetella pertussis?

Lymphocytosis

What type of leukocytosis is characteristic of pertussis?

Erythromycin

What antibiotic is the drug of choice for Bordetella pertussis?

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

What alternative antibiotic can be given to macrolide-intolerant patients?

Diphtheria-tetanus-aceullar pertussis vaccine

What vaccine protects against Bordetella pertussis?

2, 4, 6 months

At what ages is the DTaP vaccine typically administered in childhood?

Tetanus-diphtheria-acellular vaccine

What booster vaccine is given to adolescents and adults for pertussis protection?

Chemoprophylaxis

What preventive measure is recommended for pertussis contacts?

Gram-negative

What is the Gram reaction of Haemophilus influenzae?

Coccobacillus

What is the shape of Haemophilus influenzae?

Blood-loving

What does the term “Haemophilus” mean?

Factor X and Factor V

What two growth factors are required by Haemophilus influenzae?

Hemin

What is Factor X in Haemophilus culture media?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

What is Factor V in Haemophilus culture media?

Chocolate agar

What medium supports Haemophilus influenzae growth?

Beta-lactamase

What enzyme inactivates penicillin in Haemophilus influenzae?

Facultative anaerobe

What is the oxygen requirement of Haemophilus influenzae

Respiratory droplets

How is Haemophilus influenzae transmitted?

Upper respiratory tract

What is the natural habitat of Haemophilus influenzae?

Type b

What serotype of Haemophilus influenzae is most virulent?

Polyribitol phosphate capsule

What is the major virulence factor of Haemophilus influenzae type b?

Polysaccharide

What capsule component helps evade phagocytosis in Haemophilus influenzae?

Pili

What bacterial surface structure aids in adherence to epithelial cells?

IgA protease

What enzyme facilitates penetration of mucosal surfaces by Haemophilus influenzae?

Children under 5 years

What age group is primarily affected by Haemophilus influenzae type b?

Meningitis

What disease does Haemophilus influenzae type b commonly cause in children?

Epiglottitis

What serious throat infection can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Drooling

What is the classic sign of epiglottitis in children?

Pneumonia

What severe lung infection can be caused by Haemophilus influenzae?

Otitis media

What ear infection is associated with Haemophilus influenzae?

Sinusitis

What sinus infection can Haemophilus influenzae cause?

Septicemia

What bacteremia-related condition can Haemophilus influenzae produce?

Capsular typing

What test differentiates Haemophilus influenzae from other Haemophilus species?

Blood agar

What medium demonstrates satellite phenomenon with Staphylococcus aureus?

Cefotaxime

What antibiotic is the drug of choice for Haemophilus influenzae infection?

Amoxicillin-clavulanate

What alternative antibiotic can treat mild Haemophilus infections?

Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine

What vaccine prevents Haemophilus influenzae type b infection?

Protein carrier

What component is conjugated to the Hib vaccine to enhance immunogenicity?

2 months

What age should the first Hib vaccine dose be given?

Influenza vaccine

What booster vaccine prevents adult respiratory infections by Haemophilus influenzae?

Gram-negative

What is the Gram reaction of Klebsiella species?

Bacilli

What is the shape of Klebsiella species?

Facultative anaerobe

What is the oxygen requirement of Klebsiella species?

Non-motile

Are Klebsiella species motile or non-motile?

Urease test

What enzyme test differentiates Klebsiella from other Enterobacteriaceae?

MacConkey agar

What test shows Klebsiella as lactose fermenters?

Mucoid pink colonies

What is the colonial appearance of Klebsiella pneumoniae on MacConkey agar?

Polysaccharide capsule

What is the main virulence factor of Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Antiphagocytic

What capsule property contributes to Klebsiella virulence?

Currant jelly sputum

What is the characteristic sputum appearance in Klebsiella pneumonia?

Lobar consolidation

What is the common radiologic feature of Klebsiella pneumonia?

Hospital environment

What clinical setting predisposes to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection?

Alcoholism

What predisposing factor is strongly associated with Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Pneumonia

What disease does Klebsiella pneumoniae most frequently cause?

Urinary tract infection

What urinary disease is often caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Septicemia

What bloodstream infection can Klebsiella pneumoniae cause?

Liver abscess

What soft tissue infection can Klebsiella pneumoniae cause in diabetics?

Klebsiella pneumoniae hypermucoviscous strain

What virulent Klebsiella strain is associated with liver abscess in Asia?

rmpA and magA

What two virulence genes are associated with hypermucoviscosity?

Extended spectrum beta-lactamase

What antibiotic resistance gene is common in Klebsiella pneumoniae?

Double disk synergy test

What test detects extended spectrum beta-lactamase production?

Carbapenem

What antibiotic is used for extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella?

Hand hygiene

What infection control measure is essential for Klebsiella outbreaks?

India ink staining

What staining method shows Klebsiella capsules?

Motility test

What biochemical test differentiates Klebsiella from Enterobacter?

Gram-negative

What is the Gram reaction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Rod

What is the shape of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Aerobic

What is the oxygen requirement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Positive

Is Pseudomonas aeruginosa oxidase positive or negative?

Polar flagella

What is the motility type of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pyocyanin

What is the pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?

Pyoverdin

What secondary pigment gives green color on agar?

Fruity odor

What characteristic odor is produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonies?

Blood agar

What medium shows metallic sheen colonies of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?