ap lang exam review

Diction

The author’s word choice (look for: formal/informal, emotional, technical, loaded words).

Syntax

Sentence structure (look for: short sentences, long complex sentences, repetition, questions).

Tone

The author’s attitude toward the subject (look for: sarcastic, hopeful, bitter, passionate, etc).

Imagery

Language that appeals to the senses.

Appeal to Ethos

Credibility ("As a doctor...")

Appeal to Pathos

Emotion ("Think of the children...")

Appeal to Logos

Logic/facts ("Studies show...")

Repetition

Repeating words or phrases for emphasis.

Allusion

A reference to something well-known (history, literature, etc.).

Rhetorical Question

Asking a question to make a point, not to get an answer.

Straw Man

Misrepresents the opposing argument to make it easier to attack.

Ad Hominem

Attacks the person instead of the argument.

False Dilemma (Either/Or)

Presents only two choices when more exist.

Slippery Slope

Claims one small step will lead to extreme consequences.

Hasty Generalization

Makes a broad claim based on little evidence.

Circular Reasoning

The argument just repeats the claim as evidence.

Appeal to Emotion (Overuse of Pathos)

Uses emotion to distract from logic or lack of evidence.