chemistry of life

elements

pure substances that cannot be separated into other substances

molecule

two or more like atoms combined chemically

compound

two or more different atoms combined chemically

chemical reactions

atoms are united by chemical bonds, for stability

synthesis reaction

atoms or molecules Combine. energy is Absorbed for bond formation

decomposition reaction

molecule is Broken Down. chemical energy is Released

dehydration

removes a water molecule, forming a new bond

hydrolysis

adds a water molecule, breaking a bond

inorganic compounds

lack carbon, ionic, basta nagttransfer

organic compounds

contain carbon, most are covalently bonded

carbohydrates

• include sugar and starches

• used as structural materials, fuels, storage, and transportation of energy

carbon hydrogen oxygen

carbohydrates contain CHO 1:2:1

monosaccharides

simple sugars

disaccharides

two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis

polysaccharides

long branching chains of linked simple sugars

tetroses

4 carbons (simple sugars have a single carbon chain containing this)

pentoses

5 carbons (simple sugars have a single carbon chain containing this)

hexoses

6 carbons (simple sugars have a single carbon chain containing this)

simple sugars

precursor or parent molecule of many molecule, soluble (can move throughout the water based internal environments of all organisms)

sucrose

glucose + fructose (ordinary cane, or table sugar) DOUBLE SUGAR

maltose

malt sugar: glucose + glucose DOUBLE SUGAR

lactose

milk sugar: glucose + galactose DOUBLE SUGAR

oligosaccharides

“few” POLYSACCHARIDES

polysaccharides

composed of many molecules of simple sugars (usually glucose) linked in long chains called POLYMERS

chitin

exoskeletons of insects and other anthropods POLYSACCHARIDE

glycogen

important polymer for storing sugar in animals (liver and muscle cells) POLYSACCHARIDE

cellulose

principal structural carbohydrate of plants POLYSACCHARIDE

starch

carbs storage in plants POLYSACCHARIDE

sucrose

about six times sweeter than lactose, slightly sweeter than glucose, but only about half as sweet as fructose

lipids

(long term energy storage), Carbon, Hydrogen, > Oxygen. insoluble in water but are soluble in organic solvent

neutral fats (triglycerides)

found in fat deposits, composed of 3 fatty acids and glycerol, source of stored energy

saturated

every carbon within the chain holds two hydrogen atoms, common in animals, solid at room temp

unsaturated

two or more carbon atoms joined by double bonds, plant fats, liquid at room temp

essential fatty acids

have the carbon-carbon double bonds either three carbons or six carbons away from the end of the chain

phospholipids

from cell membranes, have only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol

lecithin

important phospholipid of nerve membranes

steroids

lipids wiith rigid backbone of four carbon rings and no fatty acid tails

waxes

complex, varying mixture of lipids with long fatty acid tails bonded to long-chain alcohols of carbon rings

proteins

made of amino acids, linked by peptide bond. Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, sometimes Sulfur. abt 50% of the bodys dry mass

enzymes

amylase, sucrase, maltase, lactase

structural

collagen, elastin

contractile

actin, myosin

transport

hemoglobin, protein channels

hormones

insulin

levels of protein organization

amino acids are assembled into polypeptide chains according to instructions coded in the dna

primary structure

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

secondary structure

coiling or folding of the chain

tertiary structure

overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide reacted when r groups bond

quaternary structure

association of two or more polypeptide chains

fibrous protein

polypeptides are arranged parallel along a single axis to produce long fibers or sheets

globular protein

polypeptides are so tightly folded into spherical or globular shapes such as hemoglobin

conjugated protein

simple proteins in union with other substances

nucleoprotein

with nucleic acids

glycoprotein

with carbohydrates

lipoprotein

with fatty acids

chromoprotein

with pigments

denaturation

loss of proteins native structure

nucleic acids

provide blueprint of life, make dna and rna

a

adenine

g

guanine

c

cytosine

t

thymine

u

uracil

nucleotide

nitrogenous base, a

pentose sugar, and a

phosphate group.

polynucleotides

nucleic acids are polymers

nucleotides

each polynucleotide is made of monomers

nucleoside

portion of nucleotide without the phosphate group

pyrimidines

have a single six membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)

purines

have six membered ring fused to a five membered ring (adenine and guanine)

deoxyribose

DNA sugar

ribose

RNA sugar

nucleic acids

complex structures used to maintain genetic information

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid. “master copy” for most information in the cell

RNA

ribonucleic acid . transfer information from dna to the rest of the cell

purines

double ring, adenine, guanine

pyrimidines

single ring, cytosine thymine uracil

adenosine triphosphate

fuel for cell function and maintenance. Sugar, adenine, Three Phosphates