BSC 182 Lab Quiz 1

Ocular lens

where you put your eye (magnification of 10)

Nosepiece

Where the objective lens is attached. Rotates

Scanning lens

magnification of 4×10= 40 (only objective lens in which course adjustment can be used)

Low power

magnification of 10×10=100

High power

magnification of 40×10=400

Parafocal meaning

When you focus at one magnification, the image stays mostly in focus as your move to the next level

Hypothalamus hormones

Control the pituitary gland

Posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic and oxytocin

Anterior pituitary

Follicle stimulating, growth, thyroid stimulating, adrenocorticotropic, luteinizing, and prolactin

Thyroid

T3 and T4 (Thyroxine and triiodothyronine)

Parathyroid

Parathyroid hormone

Pineal

Melatonin

Thymus

Thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin, and thymic humoral factor

Adrenal

Cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine

Pancreas

Insulin and glucagon

Kidney

Erythropoietin, renin

Testis

Testosterone

Ovaries

Estrogen

Portal vs. tract

A portal is a circulatory route and a tract is a neural one

Pituitary gland under the microscope

Posterior is neural and anterior is glandular

Thyroid under the microscope

Big follicles and small extrafollicular (parafollicular) regions that produce the hormones.

Parathyroid under the microscope

Parathyroid is just a different region of the thyroid, just with more cellular and no colloid-filled cavities

Adrenal gland under the microscope

Cortex then medulla is deep to it (cortex has mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens and the medulla has catechlomines)

Thymus under the microscope

2 lobes, the cortex has darker staining with lymphocytes, and the medulla is lighter with thymocytes

Pancreas under the microscope

Heterocrine (both endocrine and exocrine function)

Testes under the microscope

Spermatogonia are surrounded by myeloid, interstitial, and tubular cells.

Ovaries under the microscope

Center oocyte surrounded by layers of cells granulosa cells

List 5 cells types in the anterior pituitary

Somatotrophs, lactotrophs, corticotrophs, thymotrophs, gondotrophs

List the 6 hormones that are released from the 5 cell types

Prolactin, adrenocorticotropic, EH, thyroid stimulating, luteinizing, and follicle stimulating

List the functions of the hormones released form the anterior pituitary

Control growth, metabolism, reproduction, stress response

What are some of the differences between anterior and posterior pituitary

Anterior releases own hormones and the posterior stores hormones made by the hypothalamus

What hormones is released from the posterior pituitary

Oxytocin and ADH

Where are the posterior pituitary hormones made

Hypothalamus

What are the functions of the posterior pituitary hormones

Control water balance in the kidneys

Which hormones are produced at the thyroid follicles

T4 and T3

Which thyroid hormone is extrafollicular

Calcitonin

Which cells produce parathyroid hormone

Chief cells of parathyroid

What is the function of parathyroid hormone

maintain calcium levels in blood

Which hormones are produced from the adrenal cortex and function

Mineralcorticoids- salt/water balance, glucocorticoids-metabolism/stress, androgens- sex hormones

Which hormones are produced from the adrenal medulla and function

Catecholamines- fight or flight stress hormones

Which hormones are released from which cells of pancreas?

Glucagon-alpha cells, insulin-beta cells

What does heterocrine mean

both exocrine and endocrine functions

What are the functions of the hormone release from the pancreas

control sugar in blood

other than the testes, where is testosterone produced

ovaries and adrenal glands

what are the layers of the ovary and function

Follicular- egg follicles, granulosa-support cell, oocytes-immature egg cell

What function does estrogen have

sexual development, menstrual cycle, support reproductive health

Which hormones are produced at the thymus and function

Thymosin- mature T cells, thymulin-T cell differentiation, thymopoietin- T cell development/signals pituitary, thymic humoral-increase response to infection

Granulocytes

Basophils (xl rare) , neutrophils (most), and eosinophils (rare)

Agranulocytes

Monocytes and lymphocytes (like a quarter)

What is an antigen?

Molecule that triggers an immune response in your body

What is an antibody

Y shaped protein produced by your immune system to destroy viruses

What are the main antigens found on the surface of a blood cell

ABO blood group antigen and RH antigens

If a blood cell has antigen A, which antibody will be found in the plasma

Anti-B antibodies

If a blood cell has antigen B, which antibody will be in the plasma

anti-A

If the blood contains no antibodies in the plasma, which blood type is it

AB

If the blood contains antibody A and antibody B in the plasma, which blood type is it

O

What type of reaction would you expect to see if antigen A comes in contact with antibody A

agglutination (clumping)

Which substance within a red blood cell is responsible for carrying oxygen

Hemoglobin

what is a reticulocyte

an immature blood cell that has left bone marrow and entered the bloodstream to matureW

What is the largest of the white blood cells

monocyte

which structure within the erytrhoctue is altered in sickle cell anemia

sickle cell affects the size of the cell, hemoglobin is altered

what types of cells are over produced in a myelogenous leukemia

myeloid cells

Mother exposed to Rh, first exposure

IgM

Is IgM antibody able to cross placenta

No

Second exposure to Rh antigen

IgG

Is IgG able to cross the placenta

yes