Chapter 6 lifespan canvas notes

stunting

A condition in which children do not grow to a normal height due to malnutrition.

infantile amnesia

The phenomenon of not being able to remember events from early childhood, particularly before age 3.

Piaget's preoperational stage

A phase of cognitive development (ages 2-7) where children's thinking is characterized by symbolic representation but not yet logical operations.

theory of mind

The ability to understand that others have thoughts and feelings different from one's own.

gross motor skills

Larger movements involving the arms, legs, feet, or the entire body.

fine motor skills

Smaller, intricate movements which involve the smaller muscles of the body, especially in the hands and fingers.

handedness

A clear preference for using one hand over the other for tasks.

emotional self-regulation

The ability to manage and respond to one’s emotional experiences in a socially acceptable manner.

egocentrism

The inability to differentiate between one's own perspective and that of others.

classification

The ability to organize objects into categories based on shared characteristics.

pragmatics

The social rules and norms that govern the practical use of language in social contexts.

authoritative parents

Parents who are high in both demandingness and responsiveness, characterized by warmth and firm expectations.

cultural learning

The acquisition of skills and behaviors that are culturally specific.

corporal punishment

The physical punishment of a child, often through spanking.

relational aggression

Behavior that harms others through manipulation of relationships, often involving exclusion or gossip.

gender schema

Cognitive structures that help us organize information based on gender.

initiative vs. guilt

Erikson's psychosocial stage in early childhood where children explore their abilities and are encouraged or discouraged.

reciprocal or bidirectional effects

The notion that children are influenced by their parents and vice versa.

self-socialization

The process through which children actively shape their own gender identity and conformity.

only child

A child who has no siblings, which may influence their social development.

fear of punishment

A driving factor in moral judgment often observed in young children.

corporal punishment

The use of physical force to discipline a child.

sensitive period

A specific time in development when the brain is particularly receptive to certain types of learning.

socialization

The process by which individuals learn and adopt the values and norms of their culture.