[BONDS] Chemical Bonds and Moelcular Geometry

Proverbs 16:3

Chemical Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Determines the identity of matter

a. Physical Bonds

b. Chemical Bonds

Physical Bond (Intermolecular Forces)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Does not determine the identity of matter

a. Physical Bonds

b. Chemical Bonds

chemical bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A ________ is formed when two separate elements merge orbitals into one, that orbital having two electrons (a "bonding pair")

Bonding pair

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A chemical bond is formed when two separate elements merge orbitals into one, that orbital having two electrons (a "______")

2 electrons

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

A chemical bond only requires ____ electrons

Nonbonding pair (lone pair)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Any electron (usually a pair) that did not bond is called a ______.

Lewis formula

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

The elements with their complete set of bonding and lone pairs are written as a _______.

• Polarity

• Bond Order

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Chemical bonds may be classified in different ways such as _____ [2]

Polarity

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_________- is the presence of charges (positive and negative charges are “opposite poles”)

Nonpolar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

No charge

a. Polar

b. Nonpolar

Dipole

______is a system of two equal but opposite charges or magnetic poles

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:
If polarity is the adjective, the noun is dipole* (i.e. a polar compound has positive and negative dipoles)

• Charge

• Dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Usually, if the charge is full (+ or -), people just call it _____ BUT if partial δ+ or δ-, people call it _____

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

The dipole is often initiated by a very electronegative element, making it δ- and leaving its partner δ+

Nonpolar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• Shared

• Have equal charge

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Nonpolar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is 0.0 - 0.4

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Polar covalent

NOTE: “Shared” (associated with the word covalent and molecular) leans toward immense equality (no polarity)

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• Shared

• Have Slightly unequal (partial charges/dipoles)

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Polar covalent

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is 0.5 - 1.8

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Ionic

NOTE: “Give / Take” (associated with the word ionic) leans towards immense inequality (polarity)

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

• GIve/Take

• Have Very unequal (formal/full charges)

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Ionic

[TYPE OF CHEMICAL BOND]

EN difference is > 1.8

a. Nonpolar covalent

b. Polar covalent

c. Ionic

Covalent Bond

Molecular Bond is also known as _____

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Have relatively low melting and boiling points

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Have relatively high melting and boiling points

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Cannot conduct electricity in any state

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Cannot conduct electricity in the solid state

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Conducts electricity when melted

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Abundant in all three states, usually flexible and dull

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Usually crystalline solids, brittle and bright

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Molecular (Covalent)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Solubility depends on whether polar or nonpolar

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

Ionic

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Soluble in polar solvents like water

a. Molecular (Covalent)

b. Ionic

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Molecular (Covalent) and Ionic Compounds follow different naming rules

Bond Order

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_____ is the number of bonds between two elements

Example:

• Single bond → one bonding pair

• Double bond → two bonding pair

• Triple bond → three bonding pair

1. Triple Bond

2. Double Bond

3. Single Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Bond Strength from (strongest to weakest)

1. Single Bond

2. Double Bond

3. Triple Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Bond Length from (longest to shortest)

Valence Shell Electron pair Repulsion (VSEPR)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

The current model for molecular geometry is the ______ model.

#Bonding pairs	#Lone pairs	Geometry
2	0	Linear
3	0	Trigonal planar
2	1	Bent
4	0	Tetrahedral
3	1	Trigonal pyramidal
2	2	Bent
5	0	Trigonal bipyramidal
4	1	Seesaw
3	2	T-shaped
2	3	Linear
6	0	Octahedral
5	1	Square pyramidal
4	2	Square planar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Table 15.Table of molecular geometries for reference purposes.Only few geometries are essential for pharmaceutical sciences no need to memorize

HIGHLIGHTED ONES ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT!!!

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

Opposites attract (+ and -)

Example:

• Cathodes are negative – attracts cations

• Anodes are positive – attracts anions

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
TRUE OR FALSE:

The more positive and negative the two things are, there is more attraction

a. Intermolecular Forces

Between molecules

a. Intermolecular Forces

b. Intramolecular Forces

b. Intramolecular Forces

Within molecules

a. Intermolecular Forces

b. Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMFs)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

_____ are attractions between two different entities (atoms or molecules) due to opposite charges/dipoles

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:
Strong Intermolecular forces (IMFs) make the molecule more compressed

a. Increase IMFs

More Polar = _____ IMFs

a. Increase

b. Decrease

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE:
Strong Intermolecular forces (IMFs) rarely becomes gas

Charge

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

• Charges on actual cations or anions

• No chemical bond yet

• The most powerful attracting force

a. Charge

b. Dipole

Dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Just weaker than a “charge” because it is partial

a. Charge

b. Dipole

Dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
The charges that are used are either the stronger permanent ones is a _____ or the weaker temporary ones the induced dipole

induced dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
The charges that are used are either the stronger permanent ones (“dipole”) or the weaker temporary ones the ________

TRUE

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

TRUE OR FALSE:

More IMFs often result to increase in compactness and affect physical properties such as melting point, boiling point, etc.

Type	One should be	The other
Ion-dipole	Ion (cation/anion)	Anything polar
Hydrogen bond	Something with OH, NH, or FH	Anything polar
Dipole-dipole (Keesom)	Anything polar	Anything polar
Dipole-induced dipole	Anything polar	Anything nonpolar
Induced dipole-induced dipole (London dispersion)	Anything nonpolar	Anything nonpolar

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Common Types of IMF (Strongest to Weakest):

• Dipole → polar

• Induced Dipole → nonpolar

London dispersion

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
Induced dipole-induced dipole is also known as _________.

Keesom

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Dipole - dipole is also known as _______

Hydrogen Bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]
______

• Are special type of dipole-dipole; something with OH,NH, or FH

• Slightly upgraded dipole-dipole

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:
a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

NOTE: The moment that you have a chemical bond, it is not anymore a charged ion but a dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-induced dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Hydrogen bond

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Dipole-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)

Ion-dipole

[CHEMICAL BOND AND MOLECULAR GEOMETRY]

Classify the type of IMFA:

a. Ion-dipole

b. Hydrogen bond

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Dipole-induced dipole

d. Induced dipole- induced dipole (London dispersion)