gipang yap ni miss (systematics lab)

What is taxonomy?

The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms and objects.

Why is taxonomy important?

It avoids confusion between organisms and allows standardized communication among scientists.

What is systematics?

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms, including understanding how to classify and calculate this diversity, often based on population dynamics and speciation.

Why is taxonomy necessary?

Taxonomy is necessary to avoid confusion, understand biological diversity, facilitate scientific communication, and provide standardized identification and classification of organisms.

How does taxonomy avoid confusion?

It prevents misidentification and ensures clear communication about specific organisms.

How does taxonomy help us understand diversity?

It allows scientists to accurately identify and categorize the vast array of life on Earth.

How does taxonomy aid scientific communication?

It provides a universal language for discussing organisms in research and academic settings.

What is a common name?

A non-standard name for an organism that may vary by region and language.

Why can common names cause confusion?

Common names can vary significantly by region and language, so the same organism may have different names in different places.

What are examples of common names mentioned in the study guide?

"Borion" or "Maya" for a specific bird in the Philippines.

What is a scientific name?

A standardized name assigned to an organism that allows scientists worldwide to refer to it consistently.

What is binomial nomenclature?

A naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus that assigns each organism a two-part scientific name consisting of the genus and specific epithet.

Who developed binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus.

What are the two parts of a scientific name?

The genus name followed by the specific epithet.

What is the genus?

The first part of a binomial scientific name; it is always capitalized and is similar to a last name because organisms within the same genus are considered related.

What is the specific epithet?

The second part of a binomial scientific name; it is always lowercase and further identifies the species.

How are scientific names formatted?

Scientific names are typically italicized or underlined.

Give an example of a correctly formatted scientific name.

Homo sapiens.

Where do many scientific names originate?

Many scientific names have Greek or Roman origins, reflecting the historical development of classification systems.

Why are scientific names sometimes updated?

Scientific understanding evolves, so names may be changed when new information changes how an organism is classified.

What is an example of an updated scientific name?

Bupomarimus was a former scientific name for a type of cod, now updated to Rhinelamarina.

What is classification?

The arrangement of organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.

What is hierarchical classification?

A system in which organisms are placed into nested levels of taxonomic ranks.

What are the major taxonomic ranks?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.

What is a taxon?

Any level or group within the taxonomic hierarchy.

What is the plural of taxon?

Taxa.

What is the taxonomic hierarchy of humans?

Domain Eukarya → Kingdom Animalia → Phylum Chordata → Class Mammalia → Order Primates → Family Hominidae → Genus Homo → Species Homo sapiens.

What is the domain of humans?

Eukarya.

What is the kingdom of humans?

Animalia.

What is the phylum of humans?

Chordata.

What is the class of humans?

Mammalia.

What is the order of humans?

Primates.

What is the family of humans?

Hominidae.

What is the genus of humans?

Homo.

What is the species of humans?

Homo sapiens.

Who established the Linnaean system?

Carolus Linnaeus.

What was the Linnaean system initially based on?

Observable characteristics, particularly the number of stamens and pistils in plants.

Why is the Linnaean system still important?

Although it has been updated with modern data, it remains foundational to biological classification.

What is phylogenetics?

The study of the evolutionary history and relationships among groups of organisms.

What type of traits are commonly used in phylogenetics?

Homologous traits, which are shared due to common ancestry.

What are cladograms?

Branching diagrams that illustrate phylogenetic relationships and show inferred evolutionary history and relationships between taxa.

What are derived traits?

Traits that have evolved and are present in some groups but not others.

What type of data is heavily used in modern phylogenetics?

Genetic and molecular data, including genes and DNA sequences.

Why are genes and DNA useful in phylogenetics?

They provide molecular information that can be used to determine evolutionary connections among organisms.

What were some early approaches to classification by the Ancient Greeks and Romans?

Aristotle classified organisms into broad groups such as horses, birds, and fish.

How were organisms described during the Middle Ages?

Organisms were described using Latin names.

Why was Latin used for scientific naming?

Latin was considered a "dead language," meaning it does not change or evolve, providing stability in scientific naming.

What did Carolus Linnaeus publish in 1753?

Species Plantarum.

Why is Species Plantarum important?

It was a foundational work that established binomial nomenclature and a hierarchical classification system.

How many domains of life are recognized in the modern classification system?

Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

What is a domain?

A taxonomic rank higher than kingdom.

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

What are Bacteria?

Prokaryotic, typically unicellular organisms.

What are Archaea?

Prokaryotic, typically unicellular organisms that often possess adaptations for extreme environments and differ from Bacteria in their RNA and DNA.

What is Eukarya?

A domain containing eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular and possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What kingdom is typically associated with Bacteria in older classification systems?

Monera, although some systems may subdivide this group.

What does the domain Archaea contain?

Archaea contains its own kingdom or kingdoms depending on the classification system used.

What kingdoms are typically included within Eukarya?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

What is Protista?

A diverse group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes, including organisms such as algae and Paramecium.

What is Fungi?

A kingdom of heterotrophic organisms that absorb nutrients externally and have a unique mode of nutrition and cell wall composition.

Why are fungi recognized as a separate kingdom?

Because of their unique mode of nutrition and cell wall composition.

What is Plantae?

A kingdom of autotrophic organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis.

What is Animalia?

A kingdom of multicellular, heterotrophic organisms that ingest food.

What are prokaryotes?

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; their genetic material is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

Which domains contain prokaryotes?

Bacteria and Archaea.

What are eukaryotes?

Organisms whose cells possess a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Which domain contains eukaryotes?

Eukarya.

What membrane-bound organelles are examples of structures found in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Do Bacteria and Archaea have cell walls?

Yes. Both have cell walls, but their cell wall compositions differ.

What are plant cell walls primarily made of?

Cellulose.

What are fungal cell walls made of?

Chitin.

Do animals generally have cell walls?

No. Animals generally lack cell walls.

What are methanogens?

Archaea that produce methane.

Give an example of a methanogen.

Methanococcus.

What are halophiles?

Archaea that thrive in environments with high salt concentrations.

What are thermophiles?

Organisms, including some Archaea, that tolerate and thrive in high temperatures.

What are psychrophiles?

Organisms, including some Archaea, that tolerate and thrive in low temperatures.

What are acidophiles?

Organisms, including some Archaea, that thrive in highly acidic environments.

Where can Archaea be found?

Archaea occur in diverse environments, including extreme environments such as hot springs, high-salt environments, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

What are examples of extreme environments inhabited by some Archaea?

Hot springs, high-salt environments, and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

How do Archaea differ from Bacteria?

They are both prokaryotic, but they differ in characteristics including their RNA and DNA and cell wall composition.

What is DNA barcoding?

A technique that uses a short, standardized DNA region, such as a specific gene sequence, to identify species.

What is the main goal of DNA barcoding?

To identify species using DNA alone.

How does DNA barcoding help catalog biodiversity?

It can be used to create a comprehensive database of species.

How can DNA barcoding help detect new species?

Organisms whose barcode sequences do not match known species may represent new discoveries or variants.

What is one advantage of DNA barcoding?

Precision: it can provide highly accurate species identification.

What is another advantage of DNA barcoding?

Efficiency: it can be faster than traditional methods for certain identifications.

What are some applications of DNA barcoding?

Conservation, food safety, and forensic science.

How can DNA barcoding be used in food safety?

It can detect counterfeit or adulterated meats and help verify food authenticity.

How can DNA barcoding be used in conservation?

It can help identify and catalog species, supporting biodiversity and conservation efforts.

How can DNA barcoding be used in forensic science?

It can help identify biological materials.

What is a limitation of relying solely on DNA barcoding?

DNA barcoding is powerful but is not always sufficient on its own.

How can mutations affect DNA barcoding?

DNA mutations can potentially lead to misidentification or difficulty in categorization.

What is an accessibility limitation of DNA barcoding?

DNA is not always easily accessible or extractable from all samples.

Why are morphological data still important despite DNA barcoding?

Morphology remains crucial for identification and understanding organisms, especially when DNA data are ambiguous or unavailable.

Why are behavioral data still important?

Behavior can provide valuable clues for identifying and understanding organisms.

Why is anatomical data important?

Anatomical information about internal structures can aid identification and understanding.

Why does DNA barcoding require reference libraries?

Barcode sequences must be compared with established databases containing DNA sequences from known organisms.

What are examples of DNA sequence databases?

GenBank and NCBI.

What are voucher specimens?

Physical specimens collected during fieldwork that are preserved as references for verification and future study.