PSY 207 Exam 4; Chapters 11, 12, and 15

Chronometric Study

Studies that measure the amount of time a task takes, examining task components or simultaneous brain events with mental events.

Self-Report Data

Evidence based on a person's direct account of their thoughts or experiences.

Image-Scanning Procedure

An experimental method where participants form a mental image and scan it, allowing researchers to measure the time taken to 'travel' across the image.

Evidence that we think in images

Research showing that tasks involving mental imagery take longer when imagined actions would take longer in real life.

Evidence that long term memory is in propositions

Findings indicating that people remember meanings better than exact wording, with memory errors often involving semantic confusions.

Dual Coding

The theory that imageable materials will be represented in memory both as words and as corresponding mental images.

Mental Rotation Task

An experimental procedure where participants judge if a shape differs from a target only in position and orientation.

Demand Character

Cues in an experiment that signal how participants should respond.

Visual Image

A mental picture of an object's appearance, including color, shape, and size.

Spatial Image

A mental representation of spatial relationships among objects or locations, including position and direction.

Eidetic Imagery

A rare capacity to retain long-lasting and detailed visual images of scenes.

Aphantasia

The inability to voluntarily generate mental images in the mind's eye.

Boundary Extension

The tendency to remember pictures as less zoomed in than they actually were.

Availability Heuristic

A method where people judge frequency or likelihood based on how easily examples come to mind.

Representativeness Heuristic

A strategy for making judgments based on the resemblance to category prototypes.

Heuristic

A strategy that is efficient and works most of the time in problem solving.

Frequency Estimate

An assessment of how often a specific object or event has been encountered.

Attribute Substitution

A strategy where an individual relies on more accessible information instead of the information actually needed.

Illusion of Covariation

A perceived relationship between two variables that can be positive or negative.

Belief Perseverance

The tendency to hold onto a belief even when evidence undermines it.

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek out and give more weight to evidence that confirms existing beliefs.

Categorical syllogisms

Logical arguments with premises and a conclusion regarding category properties.

Valid syllogisms

Syllogisms where the conclusion naturally follows from the premises.

Invalid syllogisms

Syllogisms where the conclusion does not logically follow from the premises.

Premises

Statements used as the starting point for a logical argument.

System 1 (Type 1 thinking)

Fast, effortless judgment strategies that are prone to error.

System 2 (Type 2 thinking)

Slower, more effortful judgment strategies that are generally more accurate.

Framing

The description of decision-making options, influencing the perception of gains or losses.

Affect in decisions

The influence of emotions on decision-making.

Affective Forecasting

The prediction of how one will feel about a future event, often inaccurately.

Base-rate Information

Data on the general likelihood of an event, contrasted with specific case information.

Diagnostic Information

Information about a specific case, often opposed to base-rate information.

Dual-Process Model

A model asserting two distinct means of judgment: one fast but error-prone, the other slower but more accurate.

Induction

Reasoning that draws general claims from specific evidence.

Deduction

Reasoning that determines what claims necessarily follow from general assertions.

Belief bias

A tendency to endorse conclusions that align with personal beliefs, ignoring logic.

Conditional statements

Statements of the form 'If X then Y', establishing conditions for truth.

Selection Task

An experimental procedure studying reasoning through card selection based on a given rule.

Utility Maximization

The idea that people make decisions to maximize perceived benefits.

Risk Seeking

The tendency to seek risk when contemplating losses.

Risk Aversion

The inclination to avoid risk, particularly concerning gains.

Reason-Based Choice

Decision-making based on perceived persuasive reasons.

Somatic Markers

Physical states used as cues in decision-making.

Cognitive Unconscious

Mental activities of which individuals are unaware, enabling thinking and remembering.

Blind Sight

A condition where a person responds correctly to visual stimuli despite not consciously seeing them.

Subliminal Perception

Influence of stimuli that are not consciously noticed.

Action Slips

Errors where a person acts differently than intended.

Metacognitive Skills

Abilities allowing self-monitoring and control over thought processes.

Metamemory

Awareness and knowledge about one's memory.

Neural Correlates of Consciousness

Specific brain processes associated with conscious experiences.

Neuronal Workspace Hypothesis

The theory suggesting brain activity integration allows conscious experience.

Qualia (sing. quale)

Subjective experiences of consciousness, like pain or flavor.

Mind-body Problem

The challenge of understanding the interaction between the mind and body.