Therapeutic Communication, Psychosocial Theories, and Group Interventions Review

70 vocabulary flashcards covering therapeutic communication, nurse-patient relationships, psychosocial and cognitive theories, and group interventions based strictly on course lecture sources.

Self-Awareness

The process of understanding one's own beliefs, thoughts, motivations, biases, and limitations and recognizing how they affect others.

Biological Self

The component of self-awareness encompassing physical characteristics (including chronic illness), psychological state (underlying emotions, motivations, beliefs), social biases, and sociocultural values.

Therapeutic Communication

An ongoing process of interaction between healthcare provider and patient through which meaning emerges.

Active Listening

A communication technique where the nurse focuses on what the patient is saying, interprets underlying meaning, responds objectively, and follows the patient's lead without changing the subject.

Passive Listening

Sitting quietly and letting the patient talk without focusing or guiding the thought process, which does not foster a therapeutic relationship.

SOLER Technique

An acronym for active listening posture: S (Sit squarely facing patient), O (Observe an open posture), L (Lean forward), E (Establish eye contact), R (Relax).

Acceptance

Encouraging and receiving information in a nonjudgmental and interested manner to establish trust and develop empathy.

Confrontation

Presenting the patient with a different reality of a situation, used cautiously to immediately redefine the patient's reality.

Doubt (Therapeutic Technique)

Expressing or voicing doubt when a patient relates a situation, used carefully only when the nurse is confident about the details.

Interpretation

Putting into words what the patient is implying or feeling to help the patient identify underlying thoughts or feelings.

Observation (Therapeutic Technique)

Stating to the patient what the nurse is observing to help the patient identify underlying thoughts or feelings.

Open-Ended Statements

Introducing an idea and letting the patient respond, used when helping the patient explore feelings or gain insight.

Reflection

Redirecting an idea back to the patient for clarification of emotional overtones, feelings, and experiences.

Restatement

Repeating the main idea expressed by the patient to clarify and acknowledge what was heard.

Validation

Clarifying the nurse's understanding of a situation that the patient is trying to describe.

Strength-Based Communication

Supportive communication that focuses on patient strengths and uses language promoting acceptance and respect.

Advice Giving

An inhibiting communication technique where the nurse tells the patient what to do, implying the nurse knows best and encouraging dependency.

Reassurance

An inhibiting technique where the nurse tells a patient 'Everything will be OK,' which may not be true and blocks exploration of feelings.

Disapproval

Judging a patient's situation and behavior, which belittles the patient and may lead to them avoiding the nurse.

Personal Boundaries

Limits established in terms of physical closeness (physical), emotional distance (psychological), and customs or roles (social).

Intimate Zone

The body space boundary spanning 15 to 46 cm ($6 \text{ to } 18 \text{ inches}$).

Personal Zone

The body space boundary spanning 46 cm to 1.2 m ($18 \text{ to } 47 \text{ inches}$).

Social Zone

The body space boundary spanning 1.2 to 3.6 m ($47 \text{ inches to } 3 \text{ yards}$).

Public Zone

The body space boundary extending over 3.6 m ($over 3 \text{ yards}$).

Defense Mechanisms

Automatic psychological processes that protect the individual against anxiety, of which individuals are often unaware.

Rapport

Development of interpersonal harmony characterized by understanding and respect, which alleviates anxiety and lessens feelings of isolation.

Empathy

The ability to experience, in the present, a situation as another person did in the past.

Empathetic Linkages

The direct communication of feelings between individuals, such as feeling the anxiety that another person is experiencing.

Orientation Phase

The introductory phase of the nurse-patient relationship where trust and security are developed, boundaries and expectations are outlined, and testing behaviors occur.

Working Phase

The phase of the nurse-patient relationship where the patient identifies specific problems, trust is established, and problem-solving is supported.

Resolution Phase

The final phase of the nurse-patient relationship that begins on day one, where goals are met, problems are resolved, and the patient is redirected toward community resources.

Transference

Unconscious assignment to others of feelings and attitudes originally associated with important figures in one's life.

Countertransference

The provider's emotional reaction to a patient based on the provider's own unconscious needs and conflicts.

Deteriorating Relationship Phases

A nontherapeutic sequence characterized by withholding, avoiding and ignoring, struggling with and making sense of, and mutual withdrawal.

Motivational Interviewing (MI)

A collaborative, directed counseling framework that engages a patient's own decision-making ability and reinforces their own arguments for change.

Change Talk

Statements made by a patient in Motivational Interviewing that express their own desire, capability, and reasons for making a behavior change.

Transitional Relationship Model (TRM)

A strategy designed to ease transition from hospital to community by extending the therapeutic relationship until a new provider relationship is established.

Psychoanalytic Theory

The psychological framework formulated by Sigmund Freud focusing on unconscious processes and early childhood influences.

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

A neo-Freudian model emphasizing the uniqueness of the individual and social interactions.

Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology

A neo-Freudian framework focusing on analytical structures of human psychology.

Karen Horney's Feminine Psychology

A neo-Freudian theory emphasizing sociocultural influences and challenging traditional views on gender psychology.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A humanistic framework prioritizing needs from basic physiologic/survival and safety needs up to self-actualization.

Transcultural Health Care

Madeleine Leininger's model emphasizing culturally congruent care based on cultural values, lifeways, and environmental contexts.

Hildegard Peplau

The nurse theorist known as the 'Mother of Psychiatric Nursing' who developed the Interpersonal Relations Model.

Ida Jean Orlando

The nurse theorist who conceptualized the dynamic nurse-patient relationship model.

Theory of Humanbecoming

An existential and humanistic nursing theory formulated by Rosemarie Rizzo Parse.

Transpersonal Caring

The nursing theory framework established by Jean Watson centered on human caring.

Theory of Goal Attainment

A systems model developed by Imogene M. King focusing on goal setting and attainment between client and nurse.

Betty Neuman's Systems Model

A model viewing the patient as an open system in dynamic interaction with environmental stressors.

Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

The theoretical framework created by Dorothea Orem addressing patient self-care requisites.

Classical Conditioning

A stimulus-response learning theory formulated by Ivan Pavlov demonstrating conditioned reflexes.

Operant Conditioning

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory explaining learning through rewards and consequences.

Social Cognitive Theory

Albert Bandura's theory linking internal cognitive processes, environment, and behavior.

Cognition

An internal process of perception, memory, and judgment through which an understanding of oneself and the world is developed.

Cognitive Interventions

Nursing strategies aimed at changing or reframing an individual's automatic thought patterns that interfere with optimal functioning.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

A psychotherapeutic approach designed to alter distorted beliefs and problem behaviors by replacing negative, inaccurate thoughts with rational ones.

Cognitive Triad

Aaron Beck's cognitive framework comprising automatic negative thoughts about oneself, the world, and the future.

Schemas

An individual's life rules that act as a filter for information; developed in early childhood and fixed by middle childhood.

Selective Abstraction

A cognitive distortion where conclusions are drawn on the basis of just one of many elements in a situation.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

A form of CBT using the ABCDE framework to alter self-defeating irrational beliefs into reasonable, rational thoughts.

Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT)

A brief therapy focusing on solutions, individual strengths, and functional behaviors rather than problems or pathology.

Miracle Question

An SFBT technique asking the patient to imagine a scenario where their problem is solved overnight to clarify goals and possibilities.

Group (Psychiatric Nursing)

Two or more people who develop interactive relationships and share at least one common goal or issue.

Open Group

A group format where new members can join and old members can leave at any session, typical of inpatient psychiatric units.

Closed Group

A group format where members join at one time, no new members are admitted, and close relationships form; typical of outpatient therapy.

Small Group

A group consisting of fewer than 7 to 8 members that offers high cohesion, fewer subgroups, and a rich interpersonal experience.

Large Group

A group consisting of more than 8 to 10 members, effective for health promotion and specific topics, where subgroups may form.

Direct Leadership Style

A group leadership style providing explicit direction and structure while allowing little open discussion.

Indirect Leadership Style

A reflective leadership style offering minimal guidance, allowing the discussion to be driven primarily by group members.

Group Task Roles

Informal group member roles that focus specifically on carrying out the purpose and tasks of the group.