Thrust PPL ground 10 stage 1

weather, part2

METAR

Meteorological aerodrome report, issued 55 mins past the hour, valid one hour, SURFACE weather observations

3 types of metars

METAR regular — every hour

SPECI — non-routine, special , significant weather change

COR— corrective METAR

SPECI metar example

45 degree wind change in less than 15 minutes

281251Z

day of month with time that metar was observed and reported

auto metar means it was probably an

AWOS (because it was auto-calculated)

RMK RAB25

remark: rain began at 25 mins past hour that metar was posted

METAR winds are reported in reference to true or magnetic north?

true

in the METAR, are clouds measured in AGL or MSL?

always AGL

SKC, CLR, FEW

clouds cover less than 1/8 sky

FEW

¼ or 1/8 sky covered in clouds

SCT

3/8 to 1/8 cloud cover

BKN

5/8 to 7/8 cloud cover

OVC

overcast, 8/8 cloud cover

RVR

runway visual range

5000ft RVR is equal to

1SM visibility

RMK $ means…

reporting station needs maintenance

RMKS report

wind data, variable visibility, precise temp/dewpoint readings, pressure info

SKC

sky clear

if given

AO2 means

automated precipitation discriminator

SLP means

sea level pressure. it’s 3 digits, add a zero and put the decimal in it (like an altimeter setting)

T01171033 means

specific temp dew point breakdown.

The zero means positive, 1 means negative

so temp is positive 11.7 C, dewpoint is a negative 03.3

if given Zulu, do you add or subtract to find our time?

subtract! (5 or 6, depending on time change)

VCSH

showers and rain in the vicinity

BR

mist (baby rain!)

PK WND 03038/1203

peak winds out of 030 at 38 knots, reported at 12:03 zulu

TSB02

thunderstorms began 02 after the hour

+THSH ALQDS

all quadrants

P0031

3.1 inches rain over the runway

PRESSR

pressure rising

PRESSF

pressure falling

UA

routine pirep

UUA

urgent pirep (severe turbulence)

during a stagecheck, if they ask you how to respond to a pirep, what do you do?

pull out your kneeboard and read all 13 steps

PIREPS are nice because they are

real time reports

/OV KADM TM

/ov is station identifier indicator, with station right after, then time

FLUNKN

flight level unknown

in foreflight, a pirep is on the map, symbolized by an

eyeball

TP B737

type: boeing 737

wind shear would be UA or UUA?

UUA

TAFs are issued every ____, ___ times a day

6 hours, 4 times

TAFS are valid for ____ hours, and within __SM of center of airport

24 hours, 5SM of center

TAF is a ____, METAR is current

prediction

winds aloft tables give windspeed and direction inference to true or magnetic north?

true

FB 9900

winds temp aloft, variable wind light speed

FB 2721-15

270 wind at 21 knots with temp of -15 C

750546

-50 plus 100 rule

winds from 250,

add 100 to wind velocity ???????

when do you do minus 50 plus 100 rule?

only if first numbers are above 360

convective outlook

national forecast of thunderstorm activity covering 3 24 hours periods

AIRMET

relevant to all GA aircrafts, valid up to 6 hours, covers mod icing/turb, mountain obscurations, sustained winds 30knots, ceilings less than 1000ft and/or vis less than 3sm affecting 50+% of an area

Tango Airmet

light to mod turbulence, surface wind speeds 30+ knots, low level wind shear

Sierra Airmet

IFR conditions and mountain obscurations

Zulu Airmet

freezing/icing levels

true/false: an airmet is a report

false!! It’s a forecast (predicted)

SIGMET

significant to all aircrafts, non-convective valid 4 hours (6 hours for hurricanes), includes severe/extreme turbulence, severe icing, clear air turbulence (CAT), dust/sand storms, and VA

Convective SIGMET

significant to all aircrafts, lasts 2 hours, severe turbulence/severe icing and low level wind shear. Ex. tornadoes, embedded thunderstorms, hail 3/4+ inches, wind gusts 50+kts

T/F: surface analysis chart is issued every 2 hours

False! It’s every 3 hours. Includes pressure systems and fronts

If you want to read a surface analysis chart, go to ____ in foreflight

NOAA legends

orange dashed line

trough, elongated area of low pressure

high pressure moves

down, clockwise and outwards

low pressure moves

up, counterclockwise, inwards

cold front visibility is (good/bad)

good, because it is dense and pushes

Isobars show

pressure gradient. denser/stronger when closer

numbers on a surface weather--

millibars, underlined when closer in proximity/more concentrated

tack off each line means (basically a dashed line)

beginning of the front— frontogenisis

weather depiction chart is issued every __ hours

3 hours

SIGWX

significant weather prognostic chart. Depicts MIFR and IFR conditions, valid for 12 hours on left and 24 hours on right. Helps avoid freezing/turbulence. Surface to 24,000ft

think of barbs like ____

guns—the wind is blowing where the bullet is

mini barb is

5 knots

long barb is

10 knots

flag pointy barb is

50 knots

if you’re planning a cross country, you should search for the _________to see a board overview/build a flight plan

aviation weather GFA map

preflight weather service list

1-800-WX-Brief

1800wxbrief.com

Foreflight

national weather service

types of briefings

standard—before every flight

outlook—6+ hours before departure

abbreviated—to supplement, or for updates

inflight weather services

airborne radar, AWOS, ASOS, ATIS, garmin via Nexrad (Sirus XM—delayed 15 mins),

ADS-B capability

relay NOTAMS, AIRMETS, SIGMET, convective SIGMETS, PIREPS etc.

stay away from planes with lil torpedos because

they interpret weather and will give you cancer! because they shoot radars out

2000VP6000

2000 variable up to 6000

LTG ICCG

lightening in clouds from cloud to ground

AO2

automated precipitation discriminator

CONS

continuous

LGTICCCCG

lightening in the clouds from cloud to cloud to cloud to ground