BIOL 1102 Exam 2 Study Guide

Chapter 4&5

% GROWTH RATE CALCULATION

% Grown Rate = (Population Change During the Year ÷ Population At Start of Year) × 100

*growth reflects natural increase (births-deaths) plus net migration

TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)

the average number of children each woman is expected to have over her lifetime

INFANT & CHILD MORTALITY RATE

1. Infant mortality = deaths under age 1 per 1,000 births.

2. Child mortality = deaths under age 5 per 1,000 births.

*both indicate health, poverty, and access to care

READING AGE STRUCTURE DIAGRAMS

1. Wide base = high birth rates, youthful population.

2. Narrow base = low birth rates, aging population.

*shape predicts future growth momentum

BIODEGRADABLE

waste breaks down naturally via organisms

NONDEGRADABLE

waste does not break down under normal conditions (plastic, metals)

WHAT IS THE ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERRED METHOD OF HANDLING SOLID WASTE

source reduction and reuse (top of the waste management hierarchy)

PROBLEMS OF SOLID WASTE

clogged rains, flooding, disease spread, soil/water contamination, wildlife harm, air pollution, human health hazards.

WHAT ARE OCEAN GARBAGE PATCHES

large gyres where floating plastics accumulate.

CONCERNS OF GARBAGE PATCHES

they harm marine life via ingestion, entanglement, chemical exposure

SANITARY LANDFILLS

use of liners, clay, and leachate collection to prevent contamination

OPEN DUMPS

are uncontrolled, causing pollution, pests, and health risks

CONCERNS OF BURNING WASTE

releases toxic pollutants, particulates, heavy metals, and disproportionately affects low-income communities

CONCERNS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE

toxicity, flammability, corrosiveness, long-term contamination. This includes e-waste, batteries, chemicals, heavy metals

CONCERNS OF PLASTICS & MICROPLASTICS

they don’t biodegrade, accumulate in organs, cause inflammation, disrupt hormones, enter food webs

MAIN ROUTES OF EXPOSURE

inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption

BIOACCUMULATION

toxin buildup in one organism

BIOMAGNIFICATION

toxin concentration increases up the food chain

CONCERNS OF LEAD

harms neurological development

CONCERNS OF MERCURY

damages nervous system and bioaccumulates in fish

CONCERNS OF PESTICIDES

disrupt hormones and harm wildlife

IMPROPERLY DISPOSE OF WASTE

dumping, burning, flushing chemicals, tossing batteries/e-waste

CONCERNS OF IMPROPER DISPOSAL

causes air pollution, water, contamination, soil toxicity, health hazards

FOUR Rs

Refuse → Reduce → Reuse → Recycle

CARBON FOOTPRINT

the amount of CO₂ emissions generated by an individual, population, or/and activity

PROS OF URBANIZATION

efficient resource use, public transit, economic opportunity

CONS OF URBANIZATION

pollution, overcrowding, heat islands, waste concentration

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE

the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental policy, ensuring no group bears disproportionate pollution burden

URBAN SPRAWL

low-density expansion outward from cities, increasing car dependence, habitat loss, and land consumption

VECTOR

an organism that transmits a pathogen (e.g., mosquito)

HOST

the organism in which a pathogen lives and reproduces

RESERVOIR

a population or environment where a pathogen naturally persists

EPIDEMIC

outbreak in one region

PANDEMIC

outbreak across multiple countries or continents