HuG UNIT#1

Confirmation Bias

Confirmation Bias

Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s prior beliefs

Signal Boosting

Sharing online content with one’s followers to raise awareness

Distortion

Every map is a distortion because it is a globe put on a flat surface

• shape

• size

• direction

• distance

Map

Representation of a place

Cartography

Practice of making maps

Reference Maps

Graphic representation of the environment

• Needs 1/5 of these

  • A point of view (birds eye view)

  • Reduced Scale

  • Generalized Representation

  • Symbolized representation

  • Globe projection on flat surface

Longitude

Connects North and South Poles

• bases of telling times and time zones

• lines are called meridians

• measured to max of 180 from the prime meridian

Latitude

lines that are circles around the globe parallel to the equator

• measured in degrees, minutes and seconds

• latitude measured to max of 90 degrees North or South of the Equator

Interrupted Projections

Leave empty space in between less populated areas on a map like oceans

Mercator

A cylindrical projection

• 1569 by Gerardus Mercator, Parallel lines of longitude and latitude

• True to direction

• Accurate Shape

• Sizing is extremely incorrect

Mollweide

Equal area map

• good with size

Gall Peters Projection

Correct in size but not in shape

Robinson

Comprise of size and shape

• 1988

Absolute Location

Precise location using coordinates, latitude and longitude, measured by GPS

• Quantitative

Relative Location

In relation to other locations

• qualitative

Conformal Maps

Good with direction and accuracy of angles

• mercator

• used for GPS

Equal Area Maps

General size bad shape

• Gall Peters

Compromise Maps

in between both

• not perfect but pretty

Thematic Maps

Maps that tell data

• population density

• weather

• how something is

Dot Distribution Maps

Shows data distributed in dots

• limits with dense areas

• only tells one thing

• shows exact area

Choropleth Maps

Color coded ranges of data

• doesn’t show distribution within colored area (generalization of an area)

• good for Nationwide data

Graduated symbol Maps

Different size of symbol to represent scale of the phenomena

• hard to tell in dense populations (one area overpowers another limiting accuracy)

• shows exact area

Isoline Maps

Goes across accepted lines of separation to show trends

• change in color shows differences

• hard to tell borders

Cartogram Maps

Map that changes size of areas based on relative intensity of phenomena

• less common

• hard to tell changes in size

• kinda really ugly

Scale

• small scale = big picture

• large scale = small picture

• can be used in political ways

GPS

Global positioning system

GIS

Geographic information system

• layers of geographic data

Remote Sensing

Real time satellite data

Sense of Place

characteristics that give a place a specific identity

• geography, topography, plant life, vernacular architecture

Mental Maps

representation of part of earth’s surface based on individual knowledge

Spatial Patterns

relationships in the data

• distance

• direction

Clustered

grouped together/clumped

Dispersed

scattered

ESPN

Economic, Social, Political, Environments

Cultural Landscape

Built by humans or any part of a landscape that has cultural meaning

Vernacular Architecture

architecture built according to local needs, materials, and traditions

Sequent Occupance

multiple cultures leave their mark on a place over time

Toponyms

place names

Nature-Culture Dualism

Man is separate from nature

• culture is a product of man removing himself from the Natural State

Culture Ecology

People always have a relationship with nature, and generally speaking it is strong

Environmental Determinism

Darwinism : natural factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities

• rigid

• rejected in 1940-1950

Environmental Possiblism

critique of determinism

• nature doesnt always determine the outcome

  • nature provides people with conditions

  • people use creativity to adapt to the environment

Human Modified the Earth

• 1940-1950

  • how we transform natural landscapes

  • turn natural into cultural landscapes

Earth as Dynamic

• balance should be considered a natural system

Formal/uniform region

Shares common traits that are measurable \

• language, soil, climate

admininstrative regions

Formal regions

uniform membership functions

Every place in the region is fully and equally a part of that region

• states, counties, districts

Functional/Nodal Regions

Centered around a specific activity

• radio, utility, delivery services

• node/point of origin from which the network is centered

Perceptual Region/Vernacular Region

Informal, designed by peoples beliefs

• tendency to generalize

• vague boundaries and non-uniform membership

Population Concentration

• 2/3 of the worlds people are clustered in 4 regions

  • East Asia

  • South Asia

  • Southeast Asia

  • Europe

    • fertile soill and temperate climate

    • near oceans and rivers

Arithmetic Density

number of people per unit of land

Physiological Density

number of people per unit of arable land

carrying capacity

maximum population size of a biological species that can be sustained by that specific environment given the resources

agricultural density

number of farmworkers per unit of arable land

• relative efficiency of agriculture

sparsely populated regions

humans avoid clustering in certain physical environments

• dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, and high lands

• only a few places sin the world don’t have permanent settlements

Ecumene

permamnent human settlements

Replacement rate

in order to manintain the same population

• TFR 2.1

Crude birth rate

Annual number of births per 100 people

Crude death rate

annual number of deaths per 1000 people

total fertility rate

Average number of children a woman is expected to have during ages (15-45)

Anti-Natalism

no births

Pro-Natalism

make babies

Life Expectancy

Average length of time from birth that a person is expected to live given death rates

Blue Zones

places where people live exceptionally long

Infant mortality rate

deaths of infants of under one year of age per 1000 births

Rate of natural increase

% of annual growth of population excluding migration

• CBR - CDR/10

Doubling time

how long it woukd take for the percentage to double at the currnet RNI

• RNI/70

Population pyramids

Age and sex structure of region at a specific time

Tree

• young people

  expansive

• high birth rate and high death rate

• ex:Mali, Somalia, and the world

Cup

• fallen birth rate

• older people

• constrictive

• becomes a kite

Box

• steady and stationary

• age dependency

• ex: USA, Ireland and Argentina

Kite

• aging

• cup becomes a kite

• Examples: Italy and Japan

Irregular

• war, famine, disease, GUEST WORKERS

• ex: Qatar, Philippines, Nepal, Baharan

• disproportion of gender or other factors

Demographic Transition Model

make sense of historical developments in population

• relationship between death rates and birth rates

• how economic developments have shaped population

1. Stage 1: low growth

   1. high birth rates and death rates (fluctuated)

   2. no population growth

2. Stage 2: increase

   1. high birth rates

   2. low death rates

   3. low infant mortality rates

   4. after WWII

3. Stage 3: Explosition

   1. birth rates falls

   2. death rates fall

   3. population peak

   4. Ex: India

4. Stage 4: Decline birth and death rates

   1. decline of birth rates

   2. decline of death rates

5. Stage 5: Recent birth rates below death rates

   1. recent!

   2. birth rates below death rates

   3. ex: JPN

Thomas Malthus

• English economists

• “essay on the principle of population” 1798

  • built on Adam Smith

• “Overpopulation”

• England 1st to stage 2 DTM

• theory : more people than food: population grows faster than agriculture

Mathusian trap

underestimation of industrial innovations

Neo Malthusians

20th century revitalization

• population pressures → downfall

• earth resources can only support so many

  • leads to war and famine

Ehrlich theory

Population bomb!

• destruction of environment due to increased population → poor get poorer

• decreasing birthrates → only way to save us

Boserup

• built on marx’s idea of criticizing mathus

  • idea that overpopulation is due to underemployment and capitalism

• past agricultural improvements are brought by population pressures

  • new ways to use land and labor

  • population growth → stimulate development

Cornucopia

• Julian Simon

  • man creates resources from ingenuity

  • ingenuity is the ultimate resource

Epidemiological Trantision model

theory that explains changes to mortality in nation connected to DTM

Stage 1: Pestilence and famine

• infectuous and parasitic diseases, crop failures, animal attack

  • endemic: local

  • Epidemic: spreads through region

  • Pandemic: across regions

Stage 2: Receding Pandemics

improved sanitation, better food and security, medicine

• pandemics are still a slight issue

• increased life expectancy

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases

Fewer infection related deaths

• rise in death from aging

• high life expectancy

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative and Lifestyle diseases

Life expectancy at the highest

• better diets and medical advancements

• increase obesity rates

Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious disease

resistance of anti-biotics

• dieases mutations

• lowering life expectancy and rising urbanization