unit3 psych

Learning

the process of gaining, through experience, relatively permanent information and behaviors

Classical Conditioning

a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response

Stimulus

anything in the environment that one can respond to; something presented to the learner

Response

any behavior or action the learner does

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically

Unconditioned Response (UR)

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response

Conditioned Response (CR)

the response to the conditioned stimulus

Extinction

in classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone. Typically happens when the Conditioned Stimulus (CR) is NO LONGER reinforced by an Unconditioned Response (UR)

Generalization

producing the same response to two similar stimuli

Discrimination

the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses

Consequence

the result of a behavior, decision, or action. These can be desirable or undesirable. Good or bad

Operant Conditioning

a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows the behavior

Law of Effect

behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently and behaviors that are followed by unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently

Reinforcements

always strengthen behavior

Positive reinforcement (+)

rewarding stimulus presented by behavior

Negative reinforcement (-)

unwanted stimulus removed by behavior

Primary reinforcement

biological needs

Secondary reinforcement

everything else known as conditioned stimulus ex. Money, grades, or tokens for good behavior

Punishments

always weaken behavior

Shaping

a practical application of basic operant ideas; reinforcing closer approximations of a desired outcome; as we get closer to doing something correctly, we will be reinforced along the way

Positive punishment (+)

given an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing

Negative punishment (-)

remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior

Continuous Reinforcement

a reward immediately follows a correct/desirable response

Partial Schedules of Reinforcement

a reward only follows a response some of the time and not necessarily immediately

Fixed Ratio

Reinforcement given after action completed a fixed amount of times

Variable Ratio

Reinforcement given after action completed a varying amount of times

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement given after a fixed period of time if action is completed

Variable Interval

Reinforcement given after varying periods of time if action is completed

Observational Learning

learning by watching others

Modeling

learning by copying the behavior of someone else – follow somebody else's behavior to learn how to do something

Pro Social Behavior

positive, constructive helpful behavior

Anti-Social Behavior

negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior

Personality

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking

Free association

process of having a patient be relaxed and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how trivial

Psychoanalysis

provides insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying conscious motives and conflicts

Unconscious

the vast sum of operations of the mind that take place below the level of conscious awareness

Id

part of the personality that consists of unconscious psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification

Ego

the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, negotiates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Superego

part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations

Collective unconscious

when we are born, we “collectively” share ALL the personality types across time and space; they are pre-populated in our “unconscious”

Archetypes

universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, and personalities that play a role in influencing human behavior:Rebel, Hero, Wise-person, Ruler, Healer, etc.

oral age

0 to 1

oral focus of libido

Mouth, tongue, lips

oral major development

Weaning off of breast feeding or formula

oral adult fixation

Smoking, Overeating

Psychosexual Stages

Stages of development with different focuses and major developments

anal age

1 to 3

anal focus of libido

anus

anal major development

toilet training

anal adult fixation

orderliness, messiness

phallic age

3 to 6

phallic focus of libido

genitals

phallic major development

Resolving Oedipus/Electra complex

phallic adult fixation

Deviancy, sexual dysfunction

latency age

6 to 12

latency focus of libido

none

latency major development

developing defense

latency adult fixation

none

genital age

12+

Genital focus of libido

genitals

genital major development

Reaching full sexual maturity

genital adult fixation

If all stages were successfully complete, the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy

Humanistic Approach

Focus on conscious experience, freedom to make choices, and one's capacity for individual growth

Self-actualization

Process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential

Self-concept

Overarching idea we have about who we are

Ivan Pavlov

First person to study classical conditioning; discovered it by accident with the dog salivating experiment at a bell

John B. Watson

Conducted the 'Little Albert' experiment; conditioned a boy to be afraid of lab mice and resulted in generalization

Mary Cover Jones

Conducted the 'Little Peter' experiment; helped a boy overcome his fear of rabbits through positive association

Acquisition

Process of developing a learned response

Eward Thorndike

Originated the concepts of operant conditioning; created the law of effect

B.F. Skinner

Brought operant conditioning to life; created the principles of reinforcements and punishments

Albert Bandura

Guru of observational learning; known for the bobo doll experiment

Sigmund Freud

Crafted a comprehensive theory of Personality; believed much of our personality is born out of conflict

Alfred Adler

Emphasized the importance of childhood experiences and the desire to feel important and worthwhile

Carl Jung

Believed in a mystical collective unconscious that goes beyond childhood experiences

Karen Horney

First feminist psychologist; challenged Freud's male-centered views and emphasized the role of social interaction in the formation of the unconscious

Abraham Maslow

Created a hierarchy of needs that explains personality development and personal growth

Carl Rogers

Humanist who believed in the importance of unconditional positive regard and genuineness