unit3 psych

Learning: the process of gaining, through experience, relatively permanent information and behaviors  

Classical Conditioning: a type of learning in which a stimulus gains the power to cause a response  

Stimulus: anything in the environment that one can respond to; something presented to the learner  

Response: any behavior or action the learner does  

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): a stimulus that triggers a response reflexively and automatically  

Unconditioned Response (UR): an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus  

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): a previously neutral stimulus that, through learning, gains the power to cause a response  

Conditioned Response (CR): the response to the conditioned stimulus  

Extinction: in classical conditioning, the diminishing of a learned response after repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus alone. Typically happens when the Conditioned Stimulus (CR) is NO LONGER reinforced by an Unconditioned Response (UR)  

Generalization: producing the same response to two similar stimuli  

Discrimination: the ability to distinguish between two signals or stimuli and produce different responses  

 Consequence: the result of a behavior, decision, or action. These can be desirable or undesirable. Good or bad 

Operant Conditioning: a type of learning in which the frequency of a behavior depends on the consequence that follows the behavior  

Law of Effect: behaviors with favorable consequences will occur more frequently and behaviors that are followed by unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently   

Reinforcements: always strengthen behavior  

Positive reinforcement (+): rewarding stimulus presented by behavior  

Negative reinforcement (-): unwanted stimulus removed by behavior  

Primary reinforcement: biological needs  

Secondary reinforcement: everything else known as conditioned stimulus ex. Money, grades, or tokens for good behavior  

Punishments: always weaken behavior  

Shaping: a practical application of basic operant ideas; reinforcing closer approximations of a desired outcome; as we get closer to doing something correctly, we will be reinforced along the way  

Positive punishment (+): given an undesirable consequence after an unwanted behavior to make it less appealing  

Negative punishment (-): remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease a behavior  

Continuous Reinforcement: a reward immediately follows a correct/desirable response 

Partial Schedules of Reinforcement: a reward only follows a response some of the time and not necessarily immediately  

Fixed Ratio:Reinforcement given after action completed a fixed amount of times  

Variable Ratio: Reinforcement given after action completed a varying amount of times 

Fixed Interval: Reinforcement given after a fixed period of time if action is completed  

Variable Interval Reinforcement given after varying periods of time if action is completed.  

Observational Learning: learning by watching others  

Modeling: learning by copying the behavior of someone else – follow somebody else's behavior to learn how to do something   

Pro Social Behavior: positive, constructive helpful behavior  

Anti-Social Behavior: negative, destructive, unhelpful behavior  

Personality: an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking 

Free association: process of having a patient be relaxed and say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how trivial  

Psychoanalysis: provides insight into thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting the underlying conscious motives and conflicts 

Unconscious: the vast sum of operations of the mind that take place below the level of conscious awareness  

Id: part of the personality that consists of unconscious psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification 

Ego: the largely conscious “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, negotiates among the demands of the id, the superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain 

Superego: part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. 

Collective unconscious: when we are born, we “collectively” share ALL the personality types across time and space; they are pre-populated in our “unconscious”  

Archetypes: universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, and personalities that play a role in influencing human behavior: Rebel, Hero, Wise-person, Ruler, Healer, etc.  

Psychosexual Stages: 

Oral Age: 0 to 1

Oral focus of libido: Mouth, tongue, lips  

Oral Major Development: Weaning off of breast feeding or formula  

Oral Adult Fixation: Smoking, Overeating  

Anal Age: 1 to 3

Anal focus of libido: anus

Anal major development: toliet training

Anal adult fixation: Orderliness, messiness  

Phallic age: 3 to 6

phallic focus of libido: genitals

phallic major development: Resolving Oedipus/Electra complex  

phallic adult fixation: Deviancy, sexual, dysfunction 

Latency age: 6 to 12

latency focus of libido: none

latency major development: developing defense

latency adult fixation: none

Genital age: 12+

genital focus of libido: genitals

genital major development: Reaching full sexual maturity 

genital adult fixation: If all stages were successfully complete then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy  

Humanistic Approach: Focus on conscious experience, freedom to make choices, and one’s capacity for individual growth; To be your best self often requires feelings of love and acceptance 

Self-actualization: a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential 

Self-concept: an overarching idea we have about who we are—physically, emotionally, socially, spiritually, and in terms of any other aspects that make up who we are  

Ivan Pavlov: first person to study condition; discovered classical conditioning by accident; dog salivating experiment at a bell 

John B. Watson: lil’ albert experiment; he conditioned a boy to be afraid of lab mice and resulted n generalization  

Generalization: producing the same response to two similar stimuli 

Discrimination: the ability to distinguish between two signs or stimuli and produce different responses  

Mary Cover Jones: Lil 'Peter experiment; lil peter is afraid of rabbits – every time her saw them he would get a cookie- makes him not afraid of rabbits any more  

Acquisition: the process of developing a learned response; in classical conditioning learning takes places as we link the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus that ns will soon become the conditioned stimulus  

Extinction: when we lose a response to a stimulus; typically happens when the conditioned stimulus is no longer reinforced by an unconditioned response  

Eward Thorndike: concepts of operant conditioning originated from him – created the law of effect  

B.F. Skinner: person who really brought operant conditioning to life; created the two most important principles in influencing behavior (reinforcements and punishments)  

Albert Bandura: guru of observational learning; known for the bobo experiment – kids watched as someone beat a clown and when it was there turn to be near the clown, they too would hit it 

Sigmund Freud: first person to craft a comprehensive theory of Personality; believed much of our personality is born out of conflict  

Alfred Adler: Childhood was important; Superiority complex. Avoid feeling inferior. Wan to feel important & worthwhile 

Carl Jung: Our unconscious is mystical and goes beyond childhood experiences; founder of Collective unconscious  

Collective unconscious: When we are born, we “collectively” share ALL the personality types across time and space. They are ore-populated in our “unconscious  

Archetypes: Universal, inborn models of people, behaviors, and personalities that play a role influencing human behavior: Rebel, Hero, Wise-person, Ruler, Healer, etc. 

Karen Horney: 1^st feminist psychologist; Id not like Freud’s male-centered views. NO “Penis Envy,” but “Womb Envy” instead; Unconscious is formed through social interaction where we strive to be LOVED 

Abraham Maslow; Created a hierarchy of needs that explains personality development and personal growth; he basic idea is that to get your life moving, you must first satisfy that physiological needs on the bottom of the hierarchy so that you can reach the top and “self-actualize 

Carl Rogers: A humanist; Belied that people also needed the proper ingredients to be their best selves; Created Unconditional Positive Regard and Genuineness.

We have to be surrounded by people who allow us to speak freely and honestly. This even includes sharing our shame, shortcomings, and failures  

Hierarchy of needs: