9th Grade Biology - 2nd Term 2nd Exam Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic biological organization, inorganic and organic molecules, vitamins, nucleic acids, and cell membrane transport mechanisms.

Population

An ecological unit consisting of organisms of the same species.

Community

An ecological unit consisting of all living things in a specific region.

Ecosystem

A living environment consisting of both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) entities in a specific region.

Biome

The areas on Earth where living organisms can survive.

Inorganic Compounds

Molecules that do not contain Carbon ($C$) and Hydrogen ($H$) simultaneously, are not used as energy sources in respiration, and are taken from the environment because they cannot be produced by living organisms.

Cohesion

The attractive force that occurs between water molecules of the same kind.

Adhesion

The attractive force that occurs between water molecules and molecules of a different kind.

Surface Tension

A phenomenon created by hydrogen bonding between water molecules that enables light insects to walk on water without sinking.

Ice Floating

A property where water's solid form is less dense than its liquid form due to hydrogen bonding forming a structured lattice, allowing it to insulate aquatic life in winter.

Calcium ($Ca$)

A mineral essential for the body; deficiency leads to Osteoporosis.

Iron ($Fe$)

A mineral essential for the body; deficiency leads to Anemia.

Iodine ($I$)

A mineral essential for the body; deficiency leads to Goiter.

Fluorine ($F$)

A mineral that protects teeth and is commonly found in toothpastes.

Dehydration

An anabolic reaction where smaller molecules join to form a larger one, consuming $ATP$ and producing water (e.g., $n \text{ Amino acids} \rightarrow \text{Protein} + (n-1) H_2O$).

Hydrolysis

A catabolic reaction that uses water to break down large substances into smaller ones; it does not consume $ATP$.

Maltose

A disaccharide formed by the reaction: $\text{Glucose} + \text{Glucose} \rightarrow \text{Maltose} + H_2O$.

Sucrose

A disaccharide formed by the reaction: $\text{Glucose} + \text{Fructose} \rightarrow \text{Sucrose} + H_2O$.

Lactose

A disaccharide formed by the reaction: $\text{Glucose} + \text{Galactose} \rightarrow \text{Lactose} + H_2O$.

Triglycerides

Storage lipids occurring as $3 \text{ fatty acids} + 1 \text{ glycerol}$ joined by ester bonds; they are not polymers.

Vitamin A

A fat-soluble vitamin (Retinol) found in orange fruits and vegetables; deficiency leads to night blindness.

Vitamin D

A fat-soluble vitamin (Calciferol) found in fish and eggs that aids calcium absorption; deficiency causes rickets.

Vitamin K

A fat-soluble vitamin found in green vegetables essential for blood clotting; deficiency increases bleeding in injuries.

Vitamin B complex

A group of water-soluble vitamins that function as coenzymes; deficiencies can lead to anemia and diseases like Beri-Beri.

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid; a water-soluble vitamin that strengthens the immune system; deficiency causes Scurvy.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

A double helix polymer that carries genetic codes, containing deoxyribose sugar and bases Adenine, Thymine ($A-T$), Guanine, and Cytosine ($G-C$).

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

A single helix polymer involved in protein synthesis, containing ribose sugar and the base Uracil instead of Thymine.

Benedict Test

An indicator test for sugars that produces a black-red or red-orange color in the presence of glucose.

Osmosis

The passive transport of water molecules through the cell membrane.

Facilitated Diffusion

A type of passive transport where monomer molecules like glucose or amino acids pass through protein channels from high to low concentration.