Metallic and Ionic Bonding

Bonds

• link atoms together to form compounds

• building blocks of molecules

• formation of a bond is exothermic —> energy EXITS

• when a bond is broken, it is endothermic —> energy ABSORBED

BARF

when Breaking bonds energy is Absorbed

energy is Released when bonds are Formed

how does bonding occur?

through the use of electrons, more specifically valence electrons

Most reactive groups

• Group 17 (Halogens): 7 valence electrons, high electronegativity, desperately want one additional electron to fill their valence shell (Octet rule)

• Group 1 (Alkali Metals): 1 valence electron, they want to have 8 but it’s very challenging to gain 7, so they give up their one very EASILY (low electronegativity)

Cations

positive ions (Cats are PAWistive)

Anions

negative ions

Ionic Bond

attraction between negative and positive ions (OPPOSITES ATTRACT, LIKE REPELS)

Ionic Solids

• very brittle

• like charges repel, which causes the solid to break apart easily

Between what groups do ionic bonds form?

• ONLY metal and a nonmetal and electrons are TRANSFERRED

• ONLY between elements with a high difference in electronegativity (greater the difference, the more ionic character an ionic bond has)

Alloys

• pure metals

• mostly hard, but some are soft (Na, Au)

• High malleability

• Conduct heat and electricity in liquid and solid states

• high melting and boiling points

• low number of valence electrons

• valence electrons HELD LOOSELY —> able to be excited easier

Oxidation numbers

• possible charges of an element

• most charges correspond with the group number

• for a compound, the charges must add up to be zero

Compounds with transition metals

• Name like other ionic compounds

• add a roman numeral IF METAL HAS MORE THAN ONE CHARGE

Words to formula conversion

• Write the symbols for each element/ion with its charge

• Criss-cross charges

• Put polyatomic ions in parenthesis if subscript is greater than 1

• Reduce if possible

• only bond negative with positive

Formula to words conversion

• Write the name of the metal

• Write the name of the nonmetal

• Drop the ending of the nonmetal and add “ide”

Naming with polyatomic ions

• Name the metal

• Name the polyatomic ion

• DO NOT CHANGE ENDING OF POLYATOMIC ION

Ionic Bonding Lewis Diagram

• Identify which element is the metal and which is the nonmetal

• Draw Lewis Diagrams for each of the elements in the compound (indicate the charge)

• Use arrows to indicate that the metal is LOSING its valence electrons and the nonmetal is GAINING the valence electrons to form an OCTET