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AOM diagnosis
Clinical
+/- tympanometry
+/- tympanocentesis w/ culture
AOM tx
-PO antibiotics
-observe and monitor
-nasal decongestant
-pain control
-supportive care
Viral conjunctivitis causative pathogen
adenovirus
Viral Conjunctivitis diff diagnosis
-Watery, thin discharge
-hyperemia (scleral injection)-red eye
-pruitus, lid swelling
Viral conjunctivitis treatment
-Cool compresses
-Education/ hand hygiene
-Baby shampoo for crusting
What can viral conjunctivitis progress to?
Keratoconjunctivitis
Keratoconjunctivitis
Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva
What pathogens cause bacterial conjunctivitis?
1. Staph aureus
2. Strep pneumoniae
3. H. influenza
4. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (contact users)
Bacterial Conjunctivitis diff diagnosis
-Thick, purulent discharge
-hyperemia (scleral injection)
bacterial conjunctivitis tx
-Topical antibiotic ointment
-prevention/supportive care
Allergic Conjunctivitis "pathogen"
-Caused by allergens
Allergic conjunctivitis diff diagnosis
-Typically bilateral
-Cobblestoning
-history of seasonal allergies
-thin, stringy discharge
Neonatal Conjunctivitis causative pathogens
-N. gonorrhoeae
-C. trachomatis
-HSV-2
Neonatal conjunctivitis with more water discharge is caused by
C. trachomatis
Neonatal conjunctivitis treatment
Systemic antibiotics
OR antiviral therapy
Neonatal conjunctivitis prevention
Erythromycin ointment in eyes of newborn
What is trachoma?
Chronic conjunctivitis -world leading cause of blindness
Trachoma causative pathogen
C. trachomatis
Trachoma clinical manifestations
Chronic, follicular conjunctivitis
-Trichiasis (inward eyelashes) w/ repeated infections
Trachoma tx
Antibiotic therapy:
Topical/oral
-surgery to correct trichiasis
What is Keratitis?
Inflammation and infection of cornea
Keratitis causative pathogens
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Contact users)
-Adenovirus
-HSV
-VZV
What can keratitis lead to?
blindness
Keratitis clinical manifestiations
-eye pain
-photophobia
-hyperemia
-discharge
Keratitis diagnosis
Slit-lamp: binocular scope allows corneal ulcers to be assessed by fluorescein staining
Bacterial keratitis tx
Empiric antibiotics:
-Antipseudomonals Beta lactams
-Topical Fluroquinolones
Viral keratitis tx
Topical/oral antivirals
Keratitis prevention
-Shingles vaccine
-Proper contact cleaning
What is a Stye/Hordeolum?
Infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid
Stye/hordeolum causative pathogen
S. aureus
Stye/hordeolum symptoms
FOCAL pain
Swelling
Erythema
Stye/hordeolum DDX
Chalazion is NON-infectious + painless
Stye/hordeolum tx
-Warm compress
-topical bacitracin/ erythromycin
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of eyelid margins
Blepharitis symptoms
-inflammation and plugging of meibomian glands
-can present with increased crusting
blepharitis tx
-Baby shampoo rinses
-cool compress
-topical bacitracin
What is Dacrocystitis?
Infection and inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Dacrocystitis pathogens
-S. aureus (+)
-S. pneumoniae (+)
-H. influenzae (-)
-E. coli (-)
-P. aeruginosa (-)
Dacrocystitis clinical manifestations
-increased tearing
-pain, swelling, erythema at nasal corner
Dacrocystitis tx
oral antibiotics
+/- I&D
What is Preseptal (preorbital) Cellulitis?
Infection anterior to orbital septum
Complication of sinusitis, trauma, insect bite, or stye can lead to
Preseptal (preorbital) Cellulitis
Preseptal Cellulitis causative pathogen
-Staphlococcus aureus
-Group A streptococci
Preseptal Cellulitis clinical manifestations
-Precedes URI
-Edema + erythema of preorbital skin
-Excessive tearing
-Fever
Preseptal Cellulitis ddx
Does NOT involve structures of orbit
Preseptal Cellulitis PE findings
-PERRLA
-EOMI
-No visual disturbances
If orbital cellulitis cannot be ruled out, what should be ordered?
CT scan
Preseptal Cellulitis tx
-Oral antibiotics
-close follow up
What is Orbital Cellulitis?
Infection posterior to orbital septum (fat + muscle tissue)
Orbital Cellulitis may be a complication of
-Preorbital cellulitis
-sinusitis
-trauma
Orbital cellulitis causative pathogen
Polymicrobial:
-S. aureus
-Group A strep
-Anearobic bacteria
Orbital cellulitis symptoms
-preceds URI symptoms
-facial pressure/pain
-pain wiht eye movements/limited movement
-proptosis
-decreased visual acuity
-decreased visual acuity
Orbital cellulitis diagnosis
clinical + CT
Orbital cellulitis tx
Broad spectrum antibiotics
What is Otitis Externa?
outer ear infection, "swimmer's ear"
Otitis Externa pathogens
-Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Proteus spp.
Otitis Externa Risk factors
-swimming
-trauma
Otitis Externa clinical manifestiations
-otalgia
-otorrhea
-edema of auditory canal
-pruritis
+/- conductive hearing loss
Complication of Otitis Externa?
Malignant Otitis Externa
How does Malignant Otitis Externa present?
-persistent foul discharge
-deep pain
-tenderness
Otitis Externa tx
otic antibiotic solutions
+/- steroids
Malignant Otitis Externa tx
IV
PO antipseudomonal
What is Acute Otitis Media (AOM)?
Middle ear infection
AOM causative pathogens
-S. pneumoniae
-H. influenzae
-M. catarrhalis
-RSV
-rhinoviruses
-coronaviruses
AOM complication?
Mastoiditis
AOM symptoms
-bulging and redness of TM, loss of mobility
-loss of light reflex
-otalgia
-conductive hearing loss
-otorrhea
Infants: ear pulling + irritability
AOM treatment
-PO antibiotics
-ear tubs with recurrent disease
-supportive care
What is Mastoiditis?
Complication of AOM; infection spreads to mastoid bone.
Mastoiditis tx
-IV antibiotics
-drainage
Common Cold MC causative agent
rhinoviruses
adenoviruses
enteroviruses
conornaviruses
Common cold transmission
-Aerosolation of viral particles
-Direct contact
Common cold clinical manifestations
-nasal congestion
-rhinorrhea, sneezing, anosmia
-cough
-malaise
-pharyngitis
Common cold PE findings
-erythematous + edematous nasal mucosa
-pharyngeal erythema
Common cold prevention
-hand washing
-hygiene
-limit exposure
-masks
What is Sinusitis?
Inflammation of paranasal sinuses
Sinusitis MC causative pathogen
Viral-RACE
Sinusitis can develop into...
Bacterial superinfection:
-S. pneumoniae
-H. influenzae
-M. catarrhalis
Sinusitis clinical manifestations
-facial pain
-nasal congestion
-purulent nasal discharge
-anosmia
Sinusitis tx
-PO Antibiotics (severe)
-intranasal steroids
-decongestants
What is Pharyngitis + it's clinical manifesations?
infection and inflammation of the pharynx;
sore throat + fatigue
What is a complication of pharyngitis?
peritonsillar abscess
Pharyngitis causative pathogens (viral-most common)
-Adenovirus, parainfluenza, influenza, rhinovirus
-EBV
Viral pharyngitis treatment
supportive care
Pharyngitis causative pathogens (bacterial)
-Streptococcus pyogenes
-Corynebacterium diphteriae
GABHS "strep throat" pharyngitis pathogen
Streptococcus pyogenes
GABHS Centor Criteria
-Fever
-Tender ANTERIOR cervical lymphadenopathy
-LACK of cough
-Pharyngotonsillar exudate
-Modified age (3-14: +1); (14-44: +0); (>45: -1)
GABHS pharyngitis diagnosis
-rapid antigen test
-throat culture
GABHS treatment
PO antibiotics
Infectious Mononucleosis pathogen
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
Infectious Mono clinical manifestations
-Fever, sore throat, fatigue, malaise, anorexia
-painful POSTERIOR cervical lymphadenopathy
-Splenomegaly
-maculopapular rash
Mono Spot Test
Heterophile antibody test for infectious mononucleosis.
Mono treatment
supportive care, rest
Diphtheria pathogen
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria pharyngitis clinical manifestations
-grey, psuedo-membrane which produces toxins
+/- airway obstruction
Diphtheria pharyngitis dx
-clinical
-throat culture
diptheria treatment
antitoxin, airway management
Scarlet Fever is a complication of...
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Scarlet fever symptoms
-high fever
-bright red "sandpaper" rash
-strawberry tongue
-pastia's lines
What can scarlet fever lead to?
TSS
What is Peritonsillar Abscess?
Infection that penetrates tonsillar capsule