AAMC Test Five

Attachment Theory

• Secure attachment → comfortable with intimacy and depending on others; trusts caregiver/partner.

• Avoidant attachment → uncomfortable with closeness; difficulty trusting or depending on others; tends to be emotionally distant.

• Anxious-ambivalent attachment → wants closeness but fears rejection/abandonment; often clingy and hard to reassure.

• Disorganized attachment → inconsistent/contradictory behavior toward caregiver; no clear coping strategy

Components of Psychodynamic Theory

• Id → primitive drives; operates on the pleasure principle

• Ego → mediates between the id, superego, and reality; operates on the reality principle

• Superego → internalized morals, rules, and ideals; creates guilt/pressure to be “good”

• Defense mechanisms → unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce anxiety, such as rationalization, repression, projection, displacement, denial, sublimatio

Race vs Ethnicity

Both Institutionalized Social Structure

Race = a socially defined category based largely on perceived physical traits, such as skin color or other phenotypic characteristics.

Ethnicity = a shared cultural identity, such as language, ancestry, traditions, nationality, or heritage.

Macro vs Micro Level Approaches

Micro→ Person to Person

• Symbolic Interactionism

Macro→ big social systems

• Functionalism

• Conflict Theory

Source Monitoring Error

Right Memory but wrong source​

Example: you remember hearing that a restaurant is bad, but you think your friend told you when you actually read it online.

Scapegoating

person or group is unfairly blamed for problems they did not primarily cause, often because they are an easier target.In

Instinctive Drift

when an animal’s innate biological behaviors start overriding a learned behavior.

Learned Helplessness

after repeated exposure to an uncontrollable negative situation, a person or animal stops trying to escape even when escape later becomes possible.

Neural Plasticity

the nervous system’s ability to change its connections or function based on experience.

Neural Transmission

ow neurons send signals to each other.

what is watts and volts equivalent too

W = J/s

V = J/C

Types of T Cells

CD4+ Helper Cells→ coordinate and amplify using cytokines

CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells→ recognize and kills

Regulatory→ enforce immunological tolerance by inhibiting lymphocytes

Memory→ T or B cells that mount faster responses following a second exposure

Effective nuclear charge equation

= Z (protons) - # of inner electrons

Ex. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 for Na

11 - 10

null hypothesis

a default statistical assumption that states there is no real relationship, effect, or difference between variables in a population.

Folkway, Mores, and Taboo

folkway→ informal norms for everyday actions

mores→ more serious such as cheating on spouse

taboo→ cannibalism