Bandura Personality Theories Exam

Who is credited for Social Learning Theory and Existential Psychology?

Albert Badura

Existential psychology is rooted in what theory?

Learning Theory

Learning Theory

Experience shapes behavior.

Learning is tied to outcomes

Social Learning Theory

claims there is no direct reward necessary

Triadic Reciprocal Determinism

Multiple factor interact with each other and then influence behavior:

(1) Cognitive factors,

(2) Behavior factors,

(3) Environmental factors.

People create their environments and act to change them

Observational Learning

Learning occurs due to modeling:

We watch what others do,

evaluate the potential consequences, and then

repeat their actions (or not)

Observer Characteristics

Gender.

Lack of self-esteem.

Previous reward for imitated behavior

Higher aggression is when viewer vulnerabilities include:

Viewers have low impulse control;

Victims are dehumanized;

Injuries are sanitized

Violence and Punishment

Punishment inhibits imitation, at least temporarily.

Use of violence as justifiable strategy may hinder consideration of alternative strategies.

*Justifiable use of violence may led to increased aggression in viewer

Modeling as a Therapy Technique includes

Modeling and Autism.

Modeling and Phobias.

Modeling and Fear of Assault

What is ontology?

The study of being/ becoming...

Process of recognizing and reaching potential;

Is not automatic;

Requires choices and personal responsibility

Existential Psychology focuses on what area of study?

Ontology

We experience ourselves as subject and object ________

Simultaneously

Who is the starting point in Existential Psychology?

The Person

What are the four fundamental questions about human existence?

(1) Who am I?

(2) What is life's purpose?

(3) Is life worth living?

(4) How do I reach my potential

The freedom to __________ is the ultimate and inviolable human freedom.

The freedom to Choose is the ultimate and inviolable human freedom

What is the basis of observational learning?

Modeling

Bandura's basic idea is that learning can occur through ___________ and ______________.

Bandura's basic idea is that learning can occur through observation and example

Most human behavior is learned through example, either __________ or _______________.

Most human behavior is learned through example either intentionally or accidentally.

Disinhibition

The weakening of an inhibition or restraint through exposure to a model

Bandura believed it was the __________ who control behavior.

Bandura believed it was the models who control behavior

Characteristics of models

age and sex

status and prestige

How would Bandura define the self

The self is a set of cognitive processes and structures concerned with thought and perception.

What are two important aspects of the self?

Self-reinforcement and self-efficacy

Self-reinforcement

rewards ourselves for meeting or exceeding these expectations and standards and we punish ourselves for our failures.

Other theorist would compare self-reinforcement to what?

Conscience and the superego

Self-efficacy

feeling of adequacy, efficiency, and competence in coping with life.

Meeting and maintaining our performance standards enhances self-efficacy; failure to meet and maintain them reduces it.

One researcher defined self-efficacy as

The power of believing you can.

What are the four sources of information of which we judge our self-efficacy?

1. Performance attainment;

2. Vicarious experience;

3. Verbal persuasion;

4. Physiological and emotional arousal

What are conditions that increase self efficacy?

(1) Exposing people to successful experiences;

(2) Exposing people to appropriate models;

(3) Providing verbal persuasion encourages;

(4) Strengthening physiological arousal through proper diet, stress reduction, ad exercise programs increases strength, stamina, and the ability to cope

The notion of self-direction of behavior represents an ________ view of human nature

The notion of self-direction of behavior represents an optimistic view of human nature.

Bandura believes that individuals create their own environment

true

What does Bandura propose on the topic of nature-nurture?

most behaviors are learned and that genetic factors play a minor role

How does Bandura perceive childhood experiences?

Bandura perceives childhood experiences as important.

Our internal performance standards are established in childhood

however, childhood experiences can be unlearned later in life

According to Bandura what is the ultimate and necessary goal in life?

The ultimate and necessary goal in life is to set realistic performance standards to maintain an adequate level of self-efficacy.