IB ESS Ecosystems and Ecology (shortened)

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Organism

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30 Terms

1

Organism

An individual animal, bacteria, or plant that is alive.

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2

Population

A group of organisms of the same species living together.

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3

Species

Organisms of the same type with common characteristics that can interbreed to create fertile offspring.

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4

Community

A group of populations of different species living in the same area.

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5

Ecosystem

Community plus abiotic factors like rocks, water, and sunlight.

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6

Biome

Type of environment with specific traits like tundra or grasslands.

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7

Biosphere

All ecosystems on Earth.

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8

Chain

Single line of organisms connected by arrows showing energy flow.

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9

Web

Multiple chains showing energy transfer in an ecosystem.

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10

Arrow

Indicates what eats what and how energy is transferred.

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11

Trophic level

Tier in a pyramid/chain indicating an organism's position in the food chain.

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12

Ecological Pyramids

Show energy/biomass flow in an ecosystem.

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13

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Energy can't be created or destroyed, only transformed.

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14

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Energy transfer is inefficient, with some loss.

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15

Producer

First trophic level, produces energy through photosynthesis.

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16

Primary consumer

Eats producers, second trophic level.

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17

Secondary consumer

Eats primary consumers, third trophic level.

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18

Tertiary consumer

Eats secondary consumers, fourth trophic level.

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19

Apex predator

Top predator at the fifth trophic level.

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20

10% rule

Only about 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels.

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21

Pyramid of numbers

Shows the abundance of species in an ecosystem.

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22

Pyramid of biomass

Illustrates the mass of living organisms in an area.

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23

Pyramid of energy

Depicts the flow of energy in an ecosystem.

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24

Bioaccumulation

Toxins building up in an organism at a trophic level.

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25

Biomagnification

Toxins increasing in strength across trophic levels.

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26

Productivity

Amount of biomass/energy transferred between trophic levels.

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27

Gross primary productivity

Rate at which producers photosynthesize.

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28

Net primary productivity

GPP minus respiration, the stored energy.

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29

Secondary productivity

Biomass added to consumers per time period.

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30

Bottle Method

Technique to measure GPP and respiration in organisms.

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