SCI 1100 Unit 2 Saleska

Carl Von Linnaeus

Father of Taxonomy

Taxon

arrange organisms into increasingly inclusive group

King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Binomial Nomenclature

2 part specific name
Genus and Species

Genus Species

Genus is always capitalized
Species is always lowercase

Species

All potentially interbreeding and anatomically distinct organisms of the same kind that can produce fertile offspring
Do not breed with other species
Some organisms can hybridize

How do we classify individual organisms into various taxa?

Physical characteristics
DNA
Regular traits
Role in environment

Population

members of the same species living in a common area
Geographically by barriers
Genetically by random variations in the relative frequency of different genotypes

Domain Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

4 Kingdoms
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protista

Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Monera

Domain Archaea

other single-celled prokaryotes, very resistant, can live in harsh conditions

Classical Taxonomy uses 5 Kingdoms

Kingdom=Largest Taxon
Major differences in anatomy and physiology
All organisms belong to 1 of the kingdoms

Kingdom Monera

Single-celled (Unicellular)
Cell walls (non-cellulose- protein/carbohydrate based)
No nucleus (prokaryotic)
Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
Role of Bacteria: decomposition of nutrients

Kingdom Protista

Algae and Protozoans
Most are single-celled (some algae are multicellular)
No tissues or organs
No embryonic stages
Have nucleus (eukaryotic) with membrane-bound organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, etc.
Some have chloroplasts
Autotrophic- Algae, plant-like, have cell walls and chloroplasts
Heterotrophic- Protozoa, animal-like, no cell walls
Role: Found at the base of food webs/food chains, some protozoans cause disease, some algae used as human food sources

Kingdom Fungi

Most are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic with cellular digestion
Have cell walls made of chitin
Usually reproduce with spores
Made of strands called hyphae which sometimes are massed into mycelium
Ex.- mushrooms, puffballs, yeast, rusts, molds
Role: nature's carbon recyclers

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic
Have chloroplasts, photosynthesis
cell walls made of cellulose
Some plants are vascular and some plants are non-vascular

Xylem

transportation for water

Phloem

transportation for sugar

Non-vascular plants

Simplest plants (photosynthetic, chloroplasts, cell walls, multicellular) but without roots, stems, leaves
No transportation tissue (xylem- water, phloem- sugar)
Must be small and live in damp environments
Can reproduce asexually by fragmentation or sexually with sperm and egg
Ex.- Mosses and Liverworts

Vascular plants

Have true roots, stems, and leaves
Types include seedless, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Seedless

Ferns reproduce with spores in small spots called sori

Gymnosperms

Pine, spruce reproduce with naked seeds on cones

Angiosperms

Oak tree, lily reproduce with protected seeds in fruit/flowers

Spore

single-celled, no internal food source, microscopic, fungi

Seed

multicellular, has a stored food source, large enough to be held and seen, plants

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic, internal digestion, no cell walls
Two main types: Invertebrate and Vertebrate

Invertebrate

No backbone

Vertebrate

Has a backbone

Community

several groups of populations of organisms

Abiotic

Living and nonliving

Ecology

branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings

Ecosystem

biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
Ex.- rainforest, desert, wetland

Biotic and Abiotic

community of living organisms
Abiotic: physical and chemical surroundings

Producers

Autotrophs which produce sugar by photosynthesis

Consumers

Heterotrophs which get their sugar from outside sources

Herbivores

eat plants

Carnivore

eat meat

Omnivore

eat plant and meat

Decomposer

specialized type of heterotroph
absorb nutrients by extracellular digestion
Recycle nutrients

Energy

ability to do work

Kinetic energy

movement of energy

Potential energy

stored energy

First law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another
Energy is converted in ecosystems from autotrophs to heterotrophs

Second law of thermodynamics

No energy conversion is 100% efficient
Entropy (disorder) increases
Some useful energy "lost" as heat

Thermodynamics laws apply to energy in ecosystems

Autotrophs capture solar energy and convert it into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis

Nutrient

substance used by all organisms to survive, grow, and reproduce

Energy flows through ecosystems

flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs

Detritivore

an animal which feeds on dead organic material, especially plant detritus

Food webs

Energy flow among populations
Complexity and stability
The greater the number of components in a food web, the greater the stability

Inductive science

studies recurring processes and phenomena
Search for laws and patterns
Predictive
Can be called experimental science
Tries to answer how does nature normally function

Historical science

Studies origins (beginnings)
Seeks to understand past causes and events
No predictive goals
Ex.- Archeology, Forensic Science, Paleontology

Naturalism/Atheism

no miracles
uniformitarianism
no purpose or design in universe or life
Natural world is only reality
Only naturalistic theories valid
no god/no creator

Supernaturalism/Theistic

world and life purposefully designed
Reality exists beyond this world
Intelligent Design is valid hypothesis
Miracles
Creator

Naturalistic evolution

also called macroevolution
mutation and natural selection drive the process forward
Organisms increase in complexity and produce new kinds of species over billions of years

Theistic evolution

Personal God used evolution to create the world
God planned/controls Natural selection, mutations
Process is not random, life has purpose
Roman Catholic view
Evolution occurred under the direction of God

Thomas Malthus

wrote a book about how human populations will increase faster than the food supply and then struggle for survival

Artificial selection

identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those traits in future generations

Natural selection

organisms will overpopulate an area and compete for limited resources, natural occurring variation will exist among the competing individuals, and the fittest will win the struggle for survival and a new species will appear through gradual change over time

Dobzhansky

First to integrate work of Mendel and Darwin
Led to the modern theory of evolution known as Neo-Darwinism

Neo-Darwinism

Mendelian genetics, genes, and chromosome theory were used instead of just natural selection to support evolution
Mutation of DNA provided a ranging source of variation
Population genetics

What does natural selection actually do in nature?

Eliminates damaging genes
Allows populations to adapt to change
Forms new species in isolated populations

Creation

God supernaturally created separate, distinct kinds of life
Microevolution can only produce new species within kinds

Microevolution

Change occurs within a kind and not between different kinds

Kind

within range

Fingerprints of an Intelligent Designer when compared to man’s design

Ordered Arrays

Shapes of Parts

Refined Materials

Manufacturing Process

Multipart Systems

Complex Mechanical Systems

Complex Chemical Systems

Complex Electrical Systems

Artistic Shapes/Patterns

Novel Devices

Astronomy

branch of science which deals with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. 

Astrology

pseudoscience that claims to divine information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the movements and relative positions of celestial objects

terrestrial

Earth-based

cosmogony

study of the origin of particular astrophysical objects or systems, and is most commonly used in reference to the origin of the Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and the Solar System

cosmology

study of the universe’s structure and changes in the present

Cosmetology

professional practice or skill of identifying the skin, hair, and nails

What two elements came out of the Big Bang?

Hydrogen and Helium

Big Bang

Happened billions of years ago

How long does it take for light to travel?

186,252 miles/second

Number of stars in galaxy

between 200 billion and 2 trillion

Milky Way Galaxy

Contains the Solar System and approximately 200 billion stars

Also contains 500 solar systems

Galileo

created a telescope in 1610 and improved it

How many planets are in the solar system?

8 or 9

What are the 2 categories of planets?

Rocky and Gas Giants

What is the largest planet?

Jupiter

Which planet is closest to the Sun?

Mercury

Which 2 planets are the closest to Earth?

Mars and Venus

Which 2 planets are the farthest from the Sun?

Neptune and Uranus

Solar System

Group of objects gravitationally bound to the Sun. This includes 8 planets which revolve around the Sun in the same ecliptic and orbits the Sun along with planets with moons, asteroids, comets, and dwarf planets

Heliocentric

Sun is at the center of the Solar System

Geocentric

Earth is at the center of the Solar System

Nicholas Copernicus

believes the Sun not the Earth is the center of the Solar System

Galileo

improved the telescope and was cancelled by the church people because of his opinions and ideas about heliocentrism. 

What was the first element according to the Big Bang? 

Helium

Sun

contains almost 99% of Solar System’s mass

Produces energy from thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium

Some energy is converted to autotrophs/producers through the process of photosynthesis into glucose

Its surface is called the photosphere

It is a fluid rather than a solid and different latitudes spin at different rates

Northern Lights

caused by solar flares

Aurora Borealis

Jovian

Gas Giants

Revolution

planet’s movement AROUND THE SUN

Rotation

planet’s SPINNING ON ITS AXIS one full turn or time

Inner planets

terrestrial, rocky, mineral base, closest to the sun

Outer planets

jovian, gas giants, farthest from the sun

Mercury

Fast revolution, slow rotation, closest to the sun

Venus

Thick blanket of CO2, traps heat, first starlike object to appear at night

Earth

water, nutrient cycles (CO2), magnetic field, revolution causes seasons

Mars

oxygen, very cold, potentially supports life, rotation same as Earth