(6.4.1) What are the causes + consequences of regional patterns of economic development in 1 NIC?

Which NIC is this case study on?

India

What does infrastructure refer to?

the basic facilities within a society/country

(transport, communication, power)

Define: life expectancy.

average expected lifespan

What is the informal sector?

sector with jobs that are often unskilled + labour intensive.

workers in this sector do not pay tax.

Why might infrastructure lead to inequality?

if it is better in some areas, businesses and industries will be drawn there

making the area more likely to do well economically

Why might health + social care lead to inequality?

better access in one area → impact on life expectancy

Why might unemployment lead to inequality?

high rates of unemployment → poverty cycle

Which areas in India are more developed?

Goa

• $7000 GDP

• 5.09% in poverty

• 62% urban

• 16% in agriculture

• 1.7 fertility

Kerala

• $3200 GDP

• 0.48% in poverty

• 17.2% agriculture

• 96.2% female literacy rate

• 1.8 fertility

Maharashtra

• $3000 GDP

• 24.14% agriculture

• 5.48$ below poverty line

• 1.9 fertility

What is a less developed area in India?

Bihar

• $2300 GDP

• 3.4 fertility rate

• 11.3% urban population

• 42% in agriculture

• 16.59% in poverty

• 47% literacy rate

What regional inequality exists in India?

rural-urban inequality

• 19.28% : 5.27% in poverty

State policy-stemming inequality

Environmental

Why is there rural-urban inequality in India?

disparity in income + opportunities

• lower in rural areas

• less disposable income

• fewer job options

lack of infrastructure

• lack of basic amenities

• limited healthcare access

• less education

growth of urban areas

• industrialisation → more people in stable jobs

• increase GDP

• positive multiplier effect

How has the growth of tourism helped Goa develop?

increased job availability

more stable jobs in the formal sector

more disposable income

higher GDP

larger industry

higher investment in infrastructure etc.

positive multiplier effect

How did family planning aid development in Kerala?

policies to reduce birth rate

focus on girls’ education

larger workforce

higher disposable income

positive multiplier effect

Why does a high percentage of the population working in agriculture hinder development?

children less likely to regularly go to school

goods fluctuate in price

climate change more likely to impact income

How do environmental factors hinder development?

coastal areas- risk of hurricanes

• unequal impact pushes back development on specific groups

  property damage/disruption of work/school

What are the economic consequences of regional inequality in India?

uneven economic growth

• some areas attract investment

• exacerbates inequality

migration pressures

• underdeveloped regions often migrate to urban areas

• strain on cities

wage disparity

• wealthier regions offer higher wages + better opportunities

  increasing income inequality

What are the social consequences of regional inequality in India?

poor quality of life

• in underdeveloped regions

• - poverty, healthcare, education

rise in social tension

brain drain

• skilled people from poorer areas leave

What are the political consequences of regional inequality in India?

policy bias

• influential states might receive more funding/attention, widening gap

instability

• extreme cases: political instability/extremism

What are the environmental consequences of regional inequality in India?

pressure on urban areas

• pollution, damaged ecosystems as people migrate

neglect of rural development

• environmental degradation