BIO EXAM 1!!!!

Nucleic acids consist of

DNA

RNA

DNA def

deoxyribonucleic acid

missing oxygen

RNA

ribonucleic acid

Monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotide

polymer of nucleic acid

nucleic acids

Bond that holds nucleotides

phosphodiester bond

involved phosphate

Function of nucleic acids

carry info that is stable and heritable to be passed down

DNA is like an

instruction book

Language of nucleotides/ DNA alphabet

A,T,G,C

All words of DNA alphabet are how many letters long

3

How many combinations are in DNA alphabet

64

How many of the DNA alphabet words do we use

21

20 for 20 amino acids

1 for stopping point

Nucleotide parts

phosphate group

5-carbon sugar

nitrogenous base

function of phosphate group

connecting monomers

function of 5-carbon sugar

form backbone of nucleic acid

nitrogenous base function

identity

separate A T G C

2 types of nitrogenous bases

pyrimidines-1 ring, have y in names T-DNA U-RNA

purines- 2 rings, no y in names

pyrimidines

1 ring, have y in names T-DNA U-RNA

purines

2 rings, no y in names

dNTP

building block

RNA backbone

5’ to 3’ named based on end of carbon molecule exposed

1* (primary) of nucleic acids

sequence

2* (secondary) of nucleic acids

double stranded

DNA has ? antiparallel strands that when stuck together have ?

2

repeating patterns

Purine-purine

not enough space

pyrimidine-pyrimidine

too much space

purine-pyrimidine

just right

Duplication

features of DNA allow for duplication

1 strand acts as the template to assemble the other

Your genome has

3 billion letters

DNA is a ? book and RNA is a ? book

D-closed

R-open

DNA has ? RNA has ?

D-T thymyne

R-U uracll

RNA has an extra

OH/ hydroxyl group

RNA is available for ? and has a 2* function for ?

translation (to make protein)

folding in on itself

DNA has

long term info storage

DNA is from ? and has no ?

deoxyribose

no O

RNA from ? and has

ribose

O

Differences of DNA and RNA

OH in ribose

RNA uses uracil DNA uses thymine

RNA A-U DNA A-T

RNA single stranded DNA double stranded

RNA functions (5)

template for translation (making proteins)

temp instructions

Carry molecules

Some serve structural roles

can be catalytic

DNA is book in library RNA is the

copy from the printer

catalytic

allows reactions to happen with less energy

Why does RNA have an exposed base

single stranded

Primary of RNA

Secondary of RNA

sequence

folded onto self

Biotechnology

using living organisms to solve real world problems

Recombinant DNA technology

make DNA molecule by combining DNA from multiple sources

Through genetic information we can put genes together in different ways such as

antibodies, gene therapy, insulin

antibiotic

compound chemical that kills bacteria

what causes antibiotic resistance

bacteria gets gene through mutation/translation that prevents from dying/resistant to antibodies

plasmid map

shows difference features of plasma

Amp r

resistance to antibiotic

ampicillin

allows bacteria to grow in Petri dish with AMP

GFP

green fluorescent protein

why does GFP glow green under UV light

jellyfish

fluorescence

molecule absorbs one color of light and shows another, good way to track proteins in cell

ara C

regulate production of GFP

makes are C protein which sticks to promotor before GFP and blocks transcription

promotor decides if we make

GFP mRNA to make GFP protein

when we add arabinose sugar it causes transcription and equals

GFP protein

with arabinose we get ? and without it we get ?

glow

no glow

proteins are what kind of tools

molecular

function of proteins

storage of amino acids

proteins monomer

amino acid

20 choices

protein polymer

protein/ polypeptide

bond for protein

peptide bond

protein ends

n-terminus to c-terminus

ways to represent proteins (4)

space filling model

ribbon model

wireframe model

simple diagrams

Protein shape ?

matters

primary protien sequence

polypeptide chain

numbering sequence

Protein shape comes from

amino acids

protein primary driver

hydrophobic interactions

4 levels of primary structure for proteins

1 sequence of amino acids

2 local areas of folding always the same

3 3D shape

4 associations with other proteins

2 types of folding for proteins

alpha helix

beta sheet

classic cell theory

all living things are made of cells

cells are the smallest unit of life

all cells are related by descent from earlier cells

Cells come from other cells and are

related through history of other cells

eggs are

single cells

cyto

cell

2 main classes of cells

prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

features of all cells (4)

have plasma membrane

have cytosol/ cytoplasm

have chromosomes that carry genes

ribosomes

plasma membrane made of

lipids

cytoplasm texture

semi-fluid/ jelly like

ribosomes read mRNA to

produce proteins forming peptide bonds

prokaryotic DNA kept in

circular chromosome that is long

nucleiod is the

area of cell with chromosomes

plasmids

small circle of cell with genes

small

ribosomes are large cellular machines made of

protein and mRNA

cytoskeleton of prokaryotes are different than cytoskeleton of animals because of the

proteins thar provide internal structure

cell wall of prokaryotic cell made of

sugars to keep shape

cilia flagella of prokaryotic cells is for

movement

Which molecules are pyrimidines

Cytocine

Thymine

Uracil

Which molecules are purines

adenine

guanine

cytoskeleton of prokaryotic cell

internal protein skeleton structure

prokaryotic cell wall

made of mostly sugars, protection, keep shape, keeps from popping

prokaryotic internal structure

protein with membrane boundaries

flagella for prokaryotic

movement

fimbriae for prokaryotic

atttachment

eukaryotic cells are ? ? ? ? compared to prokaryotic cells

larger, have organelles, nucleus, dynamic skeleton

sugars on outside of cell give

structure and identification

comes from Golgi

location of DNA in bacteria and archaea

in nucleiod

not membrane bound plasmids also common

location of DNA of eukaryotes

inside nucleus

membrane bound plasmids extremely rare

internal membranes and organelles of bacteria and archaea

extensive internal membranes init in photosynthetic species limited types and numbers of organelles

internal membranes and organelles of eukaryotes

large numbers of organelles many types of organelles

cytoskeleton of prokaryotes

limited in extent relative to eukaryotes

eukaryotes cytoskeleton

extensive- usually found throughout volume of cell