hobbs a&p1 final exam

apocrine glands

portion of themselves is lost in the secretion

merocrine glands

no cytoplasm loss; normal secretion

zygomatic bone

irregular bone

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

lower respiratory and used to keep passages clean

vitamin d

manufactured by the skin

condyle

rounded process that articulates with another bone

basale

only layer of the epidermis that can produce new cells

collagen

flexible strength

AGCTCGAGTCG

TCGAGCTCAGC

fragmented bone sticking out

traumatic open comminuted fracture

chrondocytes divide and form stacks of cells

zone of proliferation

gout

buildup of uric acid

bursae

fluid-filled sacs providing cushion

during muscle activity

h zone and i bands narrow, z lines move closer

physiologic contracture and rigor mortis

release of cross bridges doesn’t happen

neuromuscular junction

1,5,4,2,3

vesicles are formed from the

cell membrane

not a negative feedback mechanism

retention of fluid = retention of more fluid

hypertonic

shrink

filtration requires

hydrostatic pressure

study of structure using unaided eye

gross anatomy

most common elements in the body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

neuroglial cells that line cavities of brain

ependyma

convergent pathway

3 presynaptic with 1 postsynaptic

Cl- channels open (hyperpolarization)

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

saltatory conduction

jumping from one node of ranvier to another

no synaptic knobs

no neurotransmitters stored or released

ion into nerve fiber when impulse comes

na+

resting potential

\-70mV

not a function of neuroglia

help neurons hyperpolarize

contents of vesicles released in response to

calcium ions

axon separated from target cell by

synaptic cleft OR neuronal junction

neuron in CNS that allows communication

interneurons

absolute refractory period

no movement of sodium ions

degraded myelin sheath in pns

lost saltatory conduction; poor muscle function

myelin sheath cells

oligodendrocytes

subdural hematoma

between dura mater and arachnoid mater

not part of neuron

sarcolemma

channels opened after impulse

voltage gated channels

reflexes start with

sensory

threshold potential reached by

depolarization

grooves

sulci

ridges

gyri

knowledge is based on

scientific method

protection of entire body

integumentary system

AB+CD→AD+CB

exchange

high energy electron carriers in cell respiration

NAD+ and FAD

compound that yields hydrogen ions

acid

pH 7.4

slightly basic

primary atom of reactions

carbon

minimal energy to start reaction

activation energy

materials packaged by

golgi apparatus

lack of ____ equals lack of ATP

mitochondria

net gain of atp in glycolysis

2

single carbon-carbon bonds

saturated

cell membrane has bilayer of

phospholipids

not required for diffusion

energy

not a characteristic of enzymes

most active > 53deg

most of mass of atom

proton and neutrons

final electron acceptor

oxygen

major parts of cell

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane

covalent bond

atoms share electrons

only acids

vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, coffee

unusual light disrupts

circadian rhythm and melatonin

hormone

metabolic effect

target cells

has receptors for specific hormones

posterior pituitary hormones synthesized in

hypothalamus

defective anterior pituitary

hypothyroidism

muscle contraction

actin filaments slide along myosin filaments

myosin and action form

cross-bridge

lactic acid threshold

shift from ATP by cellular respiration to ATP by glycolysis

absence of calcium

calmodulin to prevent myosin-actin bonding

addition of muscle fibers to contract

recruitment

all levers

rigid bar, fulcrum, force, resistance

no work, no shortening

isometric

source of energy for all contractions

ATP

motor neurons and fibers controlled

motor unit

muscle opposing action of prime mover

antagonist

fulcrum

joint

lever

bone

pull (force)

muscles

most important neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

acetylcholine

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease

insulin

decreases concentration of blood glucose

thick filaments

myosin

passageway from cell membrane of muscle to inside

transverse tubule

osteoblasts

replace bone

osteoclasts

reabsorb bone tissue

nipple like folds shape epidermis into fingerprints

dermal papillae

urinary organs expand without damage

transitional tissue

blood cell production

red bone marrow

hyaline cartilage covers

ends of long bones

hip joint

acetabulum

open to outside, not found in pericardial sac

mucous membranes

covering, basement membrane

properties of epithelium

majority of atp conversion

electron transport chain

resist abrasion and reduce water loss

keratinocytes

collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance

areolar tissue makeup

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

integumentary system

activity in epiphyseal plate

lengthening of bone