HBS 3.2 Body Guards

bacteria

A single-celled, prokaryotic microorganism

prion

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins. Prions proliferate by inducing normal proteins to convert to the abnormal form that causes diseases, such as mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and kuru.

virus

Any of a large group of nonliving, submicroscopic infective agents that typically comprise an RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Viruses are not cellular and require a host in which to replicate. They cause various important diseases in all forms of life.

protists

a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms

fungus

multicellualr eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll, such as molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts.

helminth

A large, eukaryotic, multicellular, parasitic worm, such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid, or leech.

pathogen

A disease-causing organism.

Mucus

a secretion from mucus membranes, covers cells that line our respiratory and digestive systems and helps trap pathogens that enter the body.

epidermis

The top layer of the skin that provides a barrier, makes new skin, and provides skin color.

dermis

The middle layer of skin that contains collagen and elastin, grows hair, makes oil and sweat, and contains blood vessels and nerve endings.

subcutaneous fatty tissue (hypodermis)

The bottom layer of the skin consisting of fat that cushions muscles and bones and helps to regulate body temperature.

inflammation

A localized physical condition in which part of the body becomes reddened, swollen, hot, and often painful, especially as a reaction to injury or infection.

sepsis

The body's immune system overreacts to an infection causing inflammation.

severe sepsis

Organs in the body begin to malfunction, blood pressure is low, and inflammation continues.

lymph node

Any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels, and contain numerous lymphocytes which filter the flow of lymph passing through it.

lymph

A usually clear fluid that passes from intercellular spaces of body tissue into the lymphatic vessels.

lymphatic system functions

- transports lymph

absorbs fats from the digestive tract, protects body from pathogens and transports and removes waste from the lymph fluid

immune system function

- uses organs and cells from other body systems to protect the body from outsider invaders

- can distinguish which cells, tissues, and organs belong tot he person and which do not. anything that's non-self, the immune system works to fight off and destroy

TIME

temperature, infection, mental decline, and extremely ill

innate immunity

non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with. these mechanisms work to keep anything outside us from coming in

acquired immunity

specific immune defense mechanisms this type of immunity is acquired over a lifetime. 2 forms:

- active: acquired after infection and recovery, or from a vaccine

- passive: mother to child through placenta and breast milk

antigen

anything that stimulates an immune response

antibodies

protein by B-cells; impairs pathogens

b-cells

white blood cells, matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies

neutrophil

responsible for much of the body's protection against infection

macrophage

specialized cells that recognize, engulf, and destroy target cells

memory B

remembers a pathogen for faster antibody production

dendritic

informs the fight against pathogens while ecnforcing tolerance to self and harmless environmental antigens

helper T

activate B cells and activates cytotoxic T cells

cytotoxic T

destoys cells infected with virus

plasma B

capable of secreting antibodies

what are vaccines

substance used to stimulate an immune response with the goal of creating antibodies and providing immunity to specific infections

viral reproduction stages

attachment, entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, maturation, and then release

antivirals

prevent replication of viruses within host cells

plaque assay

method used to measure the number of viral particles present in a sample

antibiotics

Drugs that block the growth and reproduction of bacteria

direct transmission

transmission of pathogens through touching (including shaking hands), kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking

indirect transmission

communicable disease transmission involving an intermediate step

vector borne transmission

The spread of a disease due to the bite of another organisms capable of transmitting that disease.