Fluid Compartments

What are the three Body fluid compartments and the barriers between them?

Intracellular→plasma membrane→interstitial→capillary endothelium and lymph endothelium→blood plasma

What are the ion concentrations like in the intracellular fluid?

• Low sodium (15mM)

• High Potassium (150mM)

• Low Chlorine (20mM)

• High Protein (4mM)

What are the ion concentrations like in the Interstitial Fluid?

• High sodium (150mM)

• Low Potasium (5mM)

• High Chlorine (112mM)

• no proteins (0mM)

What are the ion concentrations like in the Plasma?

• High Sodium

• Low Potassium

• High Chlorine

• low protein (1mM)

What are the major components of blood?

Plasma→ the solute

erythroctyes→Red Blood cells 

Thrombocytes→ platelets

White Blood Cells→ Monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocyte

What is one way we have of estimating blood volume?

The indicator dilution method: inject an indicator of known concentration into the blood and wait for it to reach a steady state, then take a sample and measure its concentration

What are the main components of blood proteins?

55% albumins

38% globulins

7% fibrinogen

what does albumin do?

Blood Protein

• oncotic pressure maintenance, which is controlling the amount of fluid in the plasma

what are lipoproteins for?

Lipid transport

→ the blood is aqueous, and we need a way of transporting hydrophobic molecules

What are 3 types of glycoproteins?

Transferrin

Haptoglobins

Ceuroloplasmin

What is Transferrin?

A glycoprotein for Fe 3+ binding and carrying

What are haptoglobins?

A glycoprotein which binds hemoglobin, helping to carry oxygen 

What are coagulation factors?

A type of blood protein

responsible for hemostasis (stopping hemorage)

what are immunoglobins?

blood proteins for the immune response

What is complement

a blood protein which plays a role in the immune response

what is a hypotonic solution?

solution with lower solute than whatever we are comparing it to

what is a hypertonic solution?

a solution with a higher solute concentration than the solution it is being compared to

what happens if you put blood cells in a hypotonic solution?

Lysis (hemolysis)

what happens if you put blood cells in a hypertonic solution?

shrinkage (crenation)

outline erythropoiesis

stem cell in bone marrow→multi step process→de nucleation→reticulocyte (spend 1-2 days maturing in blood)→lose ribosomes and mitochondria→erythrocyte

do erythrocytes have nuclei?

no

How is erythroctye prodcution regualted?

the kidney contains an O2 sensor which detects low [O2] in blood

Peritubular interstitial cells is the outer cortex of the kidney release the hormone erythropoietin

EPO stimulates Progenitor cells (BFU-E) and (CFU-E), which then allows more erythrocytes to be produced

what do cytokines do?

They are a part of the immune response. EPO is a cytokine

which metal is/are important for erythropoeisis?

Iron is important for the biosynthesis of heme, which is a molecule in hemoglobin (protein in RBC’s)

What vitamin is important for synthesizing RBC’s? Why?

Folic acid and vitamin B12 are really important for synthesizing RBC’s because they are coenzymes in a reaction which affects DNA synthesis

How do the sex steroids impact DNA synthesis?

testosterone→ increases erythropoiesis

estrogen→decreases erythropoiesis