Science Exam Review - Grade 9

Physical properties

 a characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of that substance.

Physical change

a change to a substance in which the composition of the substance stays the same and no new substances are produced.

Chemical properties

 a characteristic of a substance that is determined when the composition of the substance changes or one or more new substances are produced.

Chemical change

a change in the composition of the substance and one or more substances are created.

Groups and Periods

• Groups- horizontal

• Period- vertical

Metals, Non-Metals, Metalloids

• Metals- left of the staircase

• Non-metals- right of the staircase

• Metalloids- staircase

Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an atom

• Number of protons= atomic number

• Number of electrons= atomic number

• Number of neutrons= mass number - atomic number

Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an ion

• Protons= atomic number 

• Electrons= atomic number - the charge 

• Neutrons= atomic number - mass number

Draw Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams for atoms

Draw Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams for ions

Use Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams to draw Ionic Compounds and Molecular Compounds

Draw it yourself

Law of Electric Charges

A charged object and a neutral object will attract each other.

Conductors

Conductor are materials that let electrons easily move through.

Insulator

Insulator are materials that don’t easily let electrons move through them.

Generating Current Electricity

Current electricity-  the controlled flow of electrons through a conductor.

Coal

Burns in an engine to produce steam that is made into electricity.

Natural gas

Burns gas creating heat and electricity.

Solar energy

Energy created from the sun

Wind energy

Energy made from wind.

Hydroelectric energy

Energy produced with moving water.

Geothermal energy

Heat energy from the earth.

Nuclear energy

the energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom.

Series Circuits

Series Circuit are a circuit in which there is only one path for electrons to flow.

Parallel Circuits

Parallel circuit are a circuit in which the load(s) are connected so there are two or more paths for electrons to flow.

Define and Calculate Voltage, Current, and Resistance using Ohm’s Law (GRASS Method)

GRASS= given, required, analysis, solution, statement

• v= i x r 

• i= v/r

• r= v/i

  

Calculate electrical quantities in a circuit using Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff's Laws for Current and Voltage

Current: 

Series: I source = I1 =I2 = I3   - current is equal across the circuit

Parallel : I source = I1 + I2 + I3  - the current at the source is the sum of the loads

Voltage

Series: V source = V1 + V2 + V3  - the voltage at the source is the sum at the loads

Parallel: V source= V1 = V2 = V3  - voltage is equal across the circuit.

Draw Circuit Symbols: battery (1, 2, and 3-cell), wire, open switch, closed switch, light bulb, voltmeter, ammeter 

Draw Circuit Diagrams: Series and parallel

Define Biodiversity

Biodiversity is the variety of life in a particular ecosystem.

Atmosphere

the layer of gasses that surrounds the Earth. 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% argon, carbon dioxide, etc. 

Lithosphere

Earth’s solid outer layer. rocks and minerals.

Biosphere

the zone in, on and around the Earth where life can exist. layer of ground, water and lower atmosphere. 

Hydrosphere

Earth’s water in solid, liquid, and gas forms. oceans, lakes, groundwater, clouds.

Biotic Factors

all the living things, their remains, features, and waste associated with their activities. ( animals, plants, fungi, bacteria)

Abiotic Factors

all non-living things that are found in an ecosystem. ( sunlight, water, air, soil, minerals)

Organism

a living thing

Population

all individuals of the same species that can be found in the same area

Community

members of different species from all of the populations that can be found in the same area 

Ecosystem

An ecosystem consists of all the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components in an area.

Food Webs

a representation of the feeding relationships within a community. It shows a series of interconnecting food chains. 

Food chain

a sequence of organisms, each feeding on the next, showing how energy is transferred from one organism to another.

producer

A producer is an organism that creates its own food or energy

consumer

A consumer is an organism that gets its energy by eating plants or animals.

decomposer

An organism that feeds on and breaks down dead plant or animal matter, making organic nutrients available to the ecosystem

Scavenger

A scavenger is an organism that mostly consumes decaying biomass, such as meat or rotting plant material

Photosynthesis

the process by which the Sun's energy is converted into chemical energy

Formula:

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O2

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

Cellular Respiration

the process by which sugar and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and energy to provide energy for the organism

Formula: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + sunlight

Sustainability and Actions that Reduce Carbon Footprints

• bring your own bags to the grocery store

• turn flights when not in use

• walk places when you can

• plant a garden to reduce transportation of goods, pollution, waste, etc

Impacts of climate change on Indigenous communities and solutions

IMPACTS 

• Loss of land 

• Rapid water decline; less availability of food 

• Hotter summers meaning more destructive fires 

• Homes in Northwest Territories are disappearing from ice melting  

SOLUTIONS

• Canadian is government putting aside 340 million dollars to contribute in helping the fight against climate change on First Nations land. 

• Develop a plan with fellow communities to let the Indedinous communities have a voice against their fight