Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards defining essential terms and concepts from Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance.

Conservative Force

A force for which the work done in moving a body from one point to another depends only on the initial and final positions and is independent of the path taken, such as spring force, gravitational force, and Coulomb force.

Electrostatic Potential Energy Difference

The work required to be done by an external force in moving (without accelerating) a charge $q$ from one point to another against an electric field, represented as $\text{U}_P - \text{U}_R = W_{RP}$.

Electrostatic Potential ($V$)

The work done by an external force in bringing a unit positive charge (without acceleration) from infinity to a given point in an electrostatic field.

Count Alessandro Volta

Italian physicist (1745–1827) who established that electricity in frog tissue experiments was generated when wet material was sandwiched between dissimilar metals, leading to the development of the first voltaic pile (battery).

Equipotential Surface

A surface over which the electrostatic potential has a constant value at every point.

Electrostatic Shielding

The phenomenon in which the electric field inside a charge-free cavity of a conductor remains zero regardless of outside charges or external electric fields.

Linear Isotropic Dielectrics

Dielectric substances in which the induced dipole moment is in the direction of the external electric field and directly proportional to the field strength.

Polarisation ($P$)

The dipole moment per unit volume of a dielectric material in the presence of an external electric field.

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A constant characteristic of a dielectric medium relating polarisation to electric field through the equation P = \text{\raisebox{0pt}{\tan}}\theta_0 \text{\raisebox{0pt}{\tan}}\theta_e E.

Capacitor

A system composed of two conductors separated by an insulator, designed to store electric charge and electrostatic energy.

Capacitance ($C$)

The ratio of the magnitude of charge $Q$ on either conductor of a capacitor to the potential difference $V$ between them, defined as $C = \frac{Q}{V}$.

Dielectric Strength

The maximum electric field that a dielectric medium can withstand without experiencing a breakdown of its insulating properties.

Dielectric Constant ($K$)

The dimensionless ratio of the permittivity of a medium to the permittivity of vacuum (K = \frac{\text{\raisebox{0pt}{\tan}}\theta}{\text{\raisebox{0pt}{\tan}}\theta_0}), representing the factor by which capacitance increases when a dielectric fills the space between capacitor plates.

Fringing of the Field

The outward bending of electric field lines near the outer boundaries or edges of capacitor plates of finite area.

Energy Density ($u$)

The electrostatic energy stored per unit volume of space in an electric field, given by u = \frac{1}{2} \text{\raisebox{0pt}{\tan}}\theta_0 E^2.