Cell topic ☘︎︎

Cytoplasm

Gel like where chemical rescission occur due to it containing enzymes

Nucleus

Contains genetic material and controls cell

Mitochondria

Aerobic respiration as needs the transfer of energy for cells to work

Cell membrane

Holds cell together, controls what goes in and out

Ribosomes

Where proteins are made in a cell

Cell wall

Made of cellulose, supports and strengthens cell

Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis occurs, contains green chlorophyll to absorb light for photosynthesis

Permanent vacuole

Cell sap

Animal cell contains:

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes and mitochondria

Plant cell contains:

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosomes, mitochondria, cell wall, chloroplasts and permanent vacuole.

Bacteria cell contains:

Circular strand of DNA, cell wall, cell membrane, plasmid and cytoplasm

Differentiation

Cell changes to become specialised

stem cells are _____

Undifferentiated

Stem cells are found in both early human _____ and in adults ________

embryo, bone marrow

Bone marrow cells (can/cant) turn into any cell

Can’t

stem cells in adults can replace:

Faulty blood cells

Embryonic stem cells can replace_______ for _______ and ________ for ______

Insulin producing cells for diabetes or nerve cells for paralysis due to spinal issues.

4 reasons people may be for/against the use of stem cells:

★each embryonic stem cell could be potential life

★patients suffering now are more imprtant that the right of an embryo

★ only use embryos that are unwanted and would’ve been destroyed anyway

★ use of stem cells is banned in some countries and the UK has strict guidelines on the use of them

Plant stem cells are found in the

Meristem tissue

How are stem cells in plants used?

Produce clones of plants quickly and cheaply

An advantage of the use of stem cells for farmers and an example

Grow crops identical to plants with desired feature for farmer e.g disease resistance

magnification =

Image size / real size

How to prepare a slide

Drop of water in the middle of the slide

Separate layers of onion

Peel of epidermis and use tweezers to place it in water

Add drop of iodine solution to stain it

Out cover slip over avoiding air bubbles that may obstruct view

Active transport is…

Movement of dissolved molecules into or out of cell membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

What did carrier proteins do?

Pick up specific proteins and take through cell membrane

Example of active transport

Uptake of glucose by cells in villi of small intestine or uptake of ions in soil water by root hair cells