Copy of orthomyxoviridae

What family do Orthomyxoviridae viruses belong to?

Orthomyxoviridae family.

What is the prototype family of the order Articulaviralis?

Orthomyxoviridae.

What type of genome do Orthomyxoviridae viruses have?

Linear negative sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA).

Name one characteristic of viruses within the Orthomyxoviridae family.

They have an affinity for mucin-secreting cells in the respiratory tract.

What are the two types of glycoprotein spikes found in Orthomyxoviridae viruses?

Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N).

What is a primary feature that differentiates Orthomyxoviridae from Paramyxoviridae?

The size of the viruses.

What is the common name for viruses classified under Orthomyxoviridae?

Influenza viruses.

What process allows the creation of new influenza virus subtypes?

Reassortment.

What are the typical symptoms of seasonal influenza?

Fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle pain.

What type of cells do Orthomyxoviridae viruses replicate in?

Nucleus.

What is the key difference in hemagglutination activity between Orthomyxoviridae and Paramyxoviridae?

Orthomyxoviridae hemagglutinate red blood cells causing clumping.

How many RNA segments are found in the genome of influenza A viruses?

Eight.

What is antigenic drift?

Minor mutations occurring within the same virus subtype.

What is antigenic shift?

Major mutations that lead to new virus subtypes.

What viruses are included in the H1N1 subtype?

Swine influenza and human influenza.

What is the role of the H protein in influenza viruses?

Attachment to host cell receptors.

What is the fatality rate associated with HPAI (High Pathogenic Avian Influenza)?

Up to 100%.

What is one method to control the spread of avian influenza?

Quarantine and depopulation of affected farms.

What disease is caused by the equine influenza A virus?

Highly contagious febrile disease in horses.

What is the transmission method of swine influenza?

Direct contact between infected and uninfected animals.

What does the acronym ICTV stand for?

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

Which subtype of influenza virus is responsible for seasonal flu?

Influenza virus B.

What is the advantage of using a trivalent influenza vaccine?

Provides immunity against three virus strains.

What is the major protective antigen in Orthomyxoviridae?

Hemagglutinin (H protein).

What kind of mutation is responsible for seasonal influenza epidemics?

Antigenic drift.

How do influenza viruses escape the immune system?

Through antigenic shift and drift.

What does the term ‘reassortment’ refer to in influenza viruses?

Exchange of segments between different influenza viruses.

What clinical features indicate an HPAI outbreak?

Sudden death, cyanosis, and respiratory signs.

What does the N protein do in influenza viruses?

Plays a role in the spread and pathogenesis of the virus.

How are zoonotic influenza A viruses characterized?

They can cause pandemics and involve major mutations.

What is one method to detect avian influenza A?

Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test.

What are the components used in a haemagglutination assay?

RBCs, virus, and specific antibodies.

What is a common source of HPAI outbreaks?

Wild birds acting as carriers.

What type of virus is rabies classified as?

Rhabdoviridae.

What condition is caused by the Ebola virus?

Ebola hemorrhagic fever.

How is Ebola transmitted from animal to human?

Through contact with bats or infected primates.

How can you diagnose an Ebola infection?

Blood and body secretion sampling.

What percentage of fatalities does Ebola virus cause?

25% to 90%.

In what year was Ebola first discovered?

1976.

What mutations in the influenza virus lead to pandemics?

Antigenic shift.

Which family does the SIV (swine influenza virus) belong to?

Orthomyxoviridae.

Why are pigs considered 'mixing vessels' for influenza viruses?

They can be infected with both avian and mammalian viruses.

How effective are vaccines against pathogenic avian influenza?

Inactivated vaccines are utilized to control outbreaks.

What is the significance of the HA's antigenicity in vaccines?

It helps to produce protective antibodies.

How is the seasonal influenza vaccine updated annually?

Based on circulating virus strains.

What is the primary method for isolating influenza virus?

Using the allantoic cavity of embryonated chicken eggs.

What is an integral characteristic of viruses in the Filoviridae family?

They have long filamentous or branched structures.

What do vaccines for equine influenza include?

H3N8 and H7N7 vaccine types.

What is a common airway symptom of equine influenza?

Coughing.

Which organism serves as the reservoir for Ebola?

Bats.

What type of RNA does Ebola virus contain?

Negative-sense single-stranded RNA.

What sort of epidemics does influenza A cause?

Seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics.

What happens during an influenza infection regarding viremia?

Primary and secondary viremia occurs with invasion of organs.

What is the characteristic shape of the Ebola virus?

Filamentous and occasionally branched.

What is critical for human influenza diagnosis?

Clinical features and laboratory testing.

What antigenic tests are used to subtype influenza A?

Haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition test.

What does the genome of the influenza A virus look like?

Segmented, linear, negative-sense single-stranded RNA.

What is the structure of filovirus particles?

They exhibit helical symmetry.

What is the primary public health measure for controlling Ebola outbreaks?

Isolation and healthy quarantine for infected persons.

What are the two genera within the family Filoviridae?

Marburg virus and Ebola virus.

What is the average mortality rate for Ebola hemorrhagic fever?

About 50%.

How can swine influenza affect livestock economics?

Weight loss and poor growth due to infections.

What do the letters 'H' and 'N' represent in the context of influenza viruses?

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase respectively.

Describe one characteristic of the Paramyxoviridae family.

They are known for causing diseases such as mumps and measles.

What global impact did the H1N1 virus have in 1918?

It led to the Spanish flu pandemic causing 50 million deaths.

What is a primary danger with high pathogenic avian influenza?

It can quickly spread and infect humans from birds.