Senior Unit 2

The Greek word trichos means _____.

hair

The thickened, club-like structure that forms the lower part of the hair root is the _____.

hair bulb

What structures contain the blood and nerve supply that provide the nutrients needed for hair growth?

Dermal papillae

The small, involuntary muscle fiber in the base of the hair follicle is the _____.

arrector pili

The major elements that make up human hair are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, often referred to as _____.

COHNS elements

What type of bond is broken by wetting the hair with water and is reformed when the hair dries?

Hydrogen bond

What is the resting phase or final phase of the hair cycle that lasts until the fully grown hair is shed?

Telogen phase

The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in spots is known as _____.

alopecia areata

What is the technical term for beaded hair?

Monilethrix

What severe form of dandruff is accompanied by redness and inflammation?

Seborrheic dermatitis

What is a scalp disorder characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp?

Tinea favosa

What term refers to an acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle that produces constant pain?

Furuncle

The ability of the hair to absorb moisture is hair _____.

porosity

Chemical services performed on hair with low porosity require a _____ solution.

more alkaline

Hair flowing in the same direction, as the result of follicles sloping in the same direction, is known as a _____.

hair stream

The five basic elements of three-dimensional hair design are line, form, space, design texture, and _____.

color

_____ lines are positioned between horizontal and vertical lines and are often used to emphasize or minimize facial features.

Diagonal

The one-length hairstyle is an example of the use of _____ lines.

single

_____ lines have a definite forward or backward movement.

Directional

What element acts as an illusion and helps to create lines of attention in a hair style?

Color

Establishing equal or appropriate proportions to create symmetry in a design is called _____.

balance

What hair design is created when the two halves of a hairstyle form a mirror image of each other?

Symmetrical balance

A curved part is used for a high forehead or _____.

receding hairline

Often called simply “the shampoo,” this first step of the service actually encompasses three different processes: scalp care and massage, shampooing, and _____.

conditioning

_____ is contraindicated, or not recommended, for clients with severe, uncontrolled hypertension.

Massage

To be effective, a shampoo must remove all dirt, oils, cosmetics, and skin debris without _____.

adversely affecting the scalp or hair

Maintaining good _____ while shampooing will prevent unnecessary muscle aches, back strain, and fatigue.

posture

The second ingredient listed in most shampoos is the _____, or base detergent, which contains the surface active cleaning agents.

primary surfactant

What are the shampoos that help close the hair cuticle and are balanced to the pH of skin and hair by the addition of citric, lactic, or phosphoric acid?

pH-balanced shampoos

_____ shampoos contain special chemicals or drugs that are effective in reducing dandruff or relieving other scalp conditions, and may sometimes be prescribed by a physician.

Medicated

What type of shampoo, also known as powder shampoo, cleanses the hair without the use of soap and water?

Dry

What substances absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture in the hair?

Humectants

_____, also known as hair masks or conditioning packs, are chemical mixtures of concentrated proteins and intensive moisturizers.

Deep-conditioning treatments

A _____ draping is also known as a wet draping.

shampoo

Do not massage or manipulate a client’s scalp if you detect the presence of _____.

abrasions

Surfaces on the head where the head changes, such as the ears, jawline, and occipital bone, are referred to as _____.

reference points

By making a parting or drawing a line from the apex to the back of the ear, you can locate the _____ of the head, which consists of all the hair that falls naturally behind the ear.

back

What is the triangular section of the head that begins at the apex and ends at the front corners?

Bang area

What is the working area of the hair that is separated prior to cutting?

Section

An important element in creating a strong foundation and consistency in haircutting and creating shapes is the use of _____.

angles

What type of haircutting lines are perpendicular to the horizon, and are used to remove weight to create graduated or layered haircuts, and higher elevations?

Vertical lines

_____, or stacking, involves using diagonal lines to create angles by cutting the ends of the hair with a slight increase or decrease in length.

Beveling

_____, also known as projection or lifting, is the degree at which a subsection of hair is held from the head when cutting.

Elevation

Elevation creates graduation and layers, and is usually described in _____.

degrees

A(n) _____, also know as a guide, is a subsection of hair that determines the length the hair will be cut, and is usually the first section cut when creating a shape.

guideline

If you want hair to be longer toward the front on a layered haircut, overdirect the sections to a stationary guide at the _____.

back of the ears

Hair _____ is the number of individual hair strands on 1 square inch (2.5 cm2) of scalp and is usually described as thin, medium, or thick.

density

Shears that are designed to remove more hair, with larger teeth set farther apart, are known as _____.

notching shears

Professional shears are made by either casting or forging the steel. Which process is best for ensuring shear durability, ease of adjustment or repair, and highest quality?

Forging only

A tension in your shears that is too _____ will allow your shears to fold the hair.

loose

Which type of texture shear adds increased blending?

Texturizing

A general rule of thumb when cutting hair is to stand or sit directly in front of the area you are cutting, and to keep your body weight _____.

centered

A(n) _____ is a basic haircut, cut at a 90-degree elevation and then overdirected to maintain length and weight at the perimeter.

long-layered cut

Which method involves cutting or layering the hair in such a way that the fingers and shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length?

Slide cutting

What type of curl is placed completely off base and allows for the greatest mobility?

Full-stem curl

What pin curl base is recommended for use along the front hairline to prevent splits or breaks in the finished style?

Triangular base

What nozzle attachment of a blowdryer directs the air stream to any section of the hair more intensely?

Concentrator

The correct temperature setting of the iron for thermal curling is determined by the _____.

texture of the hair

As a rule of thumb, coarse and gray hair can withstand more heat than _____.

fine hair

What type of curls are suitable for one length hair?

Spiral curls

_____ curls provide maximum lift or volume, since the curl is placed very high on its base.

Volume-base

Pressing combs with less space between the teeth produce a _____.

smooth press

It is important to _____ a new brass pressing comb so that it will hold heat evenly along its entire length and provide consistent results.

temper

What type of comb is excellent for design parting, sectioning large segments of hair, and opening and removing braids?

Tail comb

_____ is extension material that may cut or break the hair and melt with the application of excessive heat.

Nylon

A light, soft extension material that does not reflect light and gives the braid a matte finish is _____.

yarn

What strong extension material comes from the domestic ox found in the mountains of Tibet and central Asia?

Yak

The terms single braids, box braids, or individual braids all refer to _____.

free-hanging braids

The traditional cornrow is flat, natural, and contoured to the _____.

scalp

_____ braiding is a newer way to add hair for a longer look by braiding or cornrow braiding along with hair extensions, so that the finished look shows mostly faux hair.

Tree

Which term refers to separate networks of curly, textured hair that have been intertwined and meshed together?

Locks

Hair in which the root end of every single strand is sewn into the base is called _____.

Remi hair

Capless wigs are made by weaving human or artificial hair into _____, which are long strips of hair with a threaded edge.

wefts

What hairpiece is made by inserting individual strands of hair into mesh foundations and knotting them with a needle?

Hand-knotted wig

What type of hairpiece has a natural, realistic look, are wonderful for styling, and most closely resemble actual human hair growth with flexibility at the roots?

Hand-knotted

The needle that is used to sew extensions onto a track should be a blunt, custom-designed needle, either _____.

straight or curved

Without a thorough understanding of _____, cosmetologists could damage hair, cause hair loss, and harm their clients and themselves.

chemistry

What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?

Cuticle

The range of numbers used in the pH scale is _____.

0 to 14

In the restructuring process, coarse, resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is _____.

highly alkaline

What are the basic building blocks of hair that affect how chemical solutions react?

Amino acids, peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, keratin proteins, and side bonds

Which chemical bonds, also known as end bonds, join amino acids together, end-to-end in long chains, to form a polypeptide chain?

Peptide bonds

The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair. These bonds are _____.

disulfide, salt, and hydrogen

In permanent waving, the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the _____.

wrapping method

Alkaline waves, also known as _____, were developed in 1941.

cold waves

What is the most common type of perm rod?

Concave rods

Hair that has been treated with a hydroxide relaxer is unfit for _____ and will not hold a curl.

permanent waving

Keratin straightening treatments work by _____ in a semi-permanent manner.

fixing the keratin in place

The _____ of the client’s hair and the desired results determine which haircolor to use.

structure

The natural coloring pigment found in the cortex layer of the hair is _____.

melanin

The hair type with a large diameter that can take longer to process hair color is _____.

coarse-textured hair

When the cuticle is tight and the hair is resistant, it is difficult for moisture or chemicals to penetrate. What term describes this condition?

Low porosity

To test for porosity, take several strands from four different areas of the head: the front hairline, the temple, the crown, and the _____.

nape

What term describes the predominant tone of a color?

Base

Each color is identified by a number and a letter, with the number indicating the level and the letter indicating the _____.

tone

Coloring products that have a coating action on the hair and are removed by shampooing are _____.

temporary colors

When applying color using the brush-and-bowl method, the mixing bowl should be _____.

nonmetallic

You should NEVER apply hair color to a client if the scalp has any obvious signs of _____.

abrasions

Overlapping haircolor on previously tinted hair can cause breakage and create a visible line of _____.

demarcation

The process of treating gray or very resistant hair to allow for better penetration of color is known as _____.

pre-softening