Disease Prevention

What is primary prevention?

preventive actions that are taken before the onset of a disease or injury in hopes of removing the possibility of that disease or injury to ever occur

• no disease (prevention)

What is secondary prevention?

refers to blocking the progression of an injury or disease at its developing stage

• subclinical disease (detection)

What is tertiary prevention?

refers to actions taken after the onset of a disease or injury in hopes of helping disease or disabled people

• diagnosed disease (treatment)

What is primordial prevention?

focuses on preventing the development of risk factors for a disease by targeting the underlying social and environmental factors that may influence them

Who does primordial prevention target?

total population and selected groups

Who does primary prevention target?

total population and healthy individuals

Who does secondary and tertiary preventions target?

patients

What are some commonly used theories in health behavior research?

• health belief model

• social cognitive model

• construct of self-efficacy

• theory of reasoned action

• theory of planned behavior

• stages of change/transtheoretical model

• social marketing model

• diffusion of innovations

• freirian model

What is the health belief model?

how individuals perceive health threats and decide to act based on the value individuals place on a particular goal and the likelihood that actions taken toward that goal will be successful in achieving the goal

Constructs of the HBM - perceived susceptibility

individual’s belief about their personal risk or likelihood of contracting a specific health condition or disease

Constructs of the HBM - perceived severity

individual’s subjective belief about the seriousness of a health condition and its potential negative consequences and its impact on their life

Constructs of the HBM - perceived benefits

individual’s belief about the positive outcome or advantages of adopting a specific health behavior

Constructs of the HBM - perceived barriers

the obstacles individuals anticipate when engaging in a specific health-related behavior

Constructs of the HBM - cues to action

triggers that prompt individuals to take action regarding their health

Constructs of the HBM - self-efficacy

an individual’s belief in their ability to successfully perform a behavior

What is transtheoretical model of stages of change (TTM)?

explains how individuals progress through different stages when making a behavior change

What are the 6 stages of TTM?

1. Pre contemplation

   • no awareness/intention of behavior change

2. Contemplation

   • aware of needed behavior change, planning for change but have not yet committed to change

3. Preparation

   • begin planning to make behavior change and are committed to following through

4. Action

   • have implemented intended behavior modification in an effort to change behavior

5. Maintenance

   • maintaining behavior change and trying to prevent termination of behavior change

6. Termination

   • failure to maintain intended behavior change

What is the social marketing model?

uses commerical marketing principles and techniques to promote behaviors that benefit individuals and society

What are the 8 key constructs of social marketing?

1. Product

   • behavior of offering that is intended for the target audience to adopt

2. Price

   • tangible and intangible things that the target audience has to give up in order to adopt the new idea

3. Place

   • where the target audience will perform the behavior

4. Promotion

   • mechanism by which one gets the message across to the target audience

5. Publics

   • Primary and secondary audiences involved in the program

6. Partnership

   • establishing collaboration with multiple partners who will work on the same issue

7. Policy

   • creating the environmental supports in order to sustain the behavior change

8. Purse Strings

   • amount of money available at one’s disposal for the campaign

What is innovation?

an idea, practice, or product (including services) that is percoebed as new by an individual or other unit of adoption

What are the 3 types of innovation?

1. Incremental Innovations

2. Distinctive Innovations

3. Breakthrough Innovations

What is an Incremental Innovation?

series of small improvements made to existing products, services, or processes

What is an Distinctive Innovation?

represent significant improvement but do not entail any new technology or approach

What is a Breakthrough Innovation?

based on a new technology or approach

What are the attributes of innovations?

1. Perceived Relative Advantage

   • refers to the perception of how good the new product, idea, or pratice is compared with the one it will replace

2. Compatibility

   • refers to the perception of the new product’s consistency with the values, past experiences, and needs of potential adopters

3. Complexity

   • the perception of the degree of difficulty in understanding and using the new idea, practice, or product

4. Demonstrability

   • the degree to which an innovation may be experimented with on a limited basis

5. Clarity of Results

   • the degree to which outcomes of an innovation are clearly visible

6. Costs

   • the tangible and intangible expenses incurred in the adoption of a new idea, practice, or product

7. Reversibility

   • refers to the ability and degree to which status quo can be reinstated by ceasing to use the innovation

8. Pervasiness

   • the degree to which an innovation requires changes of adjustments by other elements in the social system

9. Reinvention

   • the degree to which a potential adopter can adapt, refine, or modify the innovation to suit their needs

What is the 5-step innovation decision process?

1. Gaining knowledge about the innovation

2. Getting persuaded about the innovation

3. Deciding whether to adopt or reject innovation

4. Implementing the innovation

5. Confirming whether to reverse decision or adopt new innovation

What are the 5 adopter categories?

1. Innovators

2. Early adopters

3. Early majority

4. Late majority

5. Laggards

What are innovators?

• 2.5%

• adopt to things quickly

• adventurous, high-risk takers

• high tolerance of uncertainty and failure

What are early adopters?

• 13.5%

• well-respected opinion leaders

• well-integrated and sensible individuals

What are early-majority?

• 34%

• deliberate, highly connected with a peer system

• ahead of the average

What are late majority?

• 34%

• skeptical

• responsive to economic necessity

• responsive to social norms

• limited economic resources

• low tolerance for uncertainty

What are laggards?

• 16%

• more traditional in their disposition

• relatively isolated

• uncertain economic situation s

• suspicious of innovation

What is rate of adoption?

• speed at which an innovation is adopted

• plotting the cumulative number of adopters against time yields an S-shaped curve —> curve of the rate of adoption

• The diffusion rate usually serves as the dependent variable in studies using the diffusion of innovations theory