Criminology

What are the four levels of policing in Canada?

Municipal, Provincial, Federal, and First Nations police.

What percentage of police are municipal police?

Municipal police make up two-thirds (2/3) of the police.

What must you provide when arrested in Canada?

Date of birth, address, name, and identification.

What rights do Canadians have upon arrest according to Section 10?

The right to not be arbitrarily detained, informed of the reason for arrest, legal representation, and habeas corpus.

What is the purpose of an appearance notice?

To require an individual to appear in court at a specific time and location before they are charged.

What can happen if the accused does not appear in court?

The judge can issue a warrant for the person's arrest.

What does Section 8 of the Charter protect against?

Unreasonable search and seizure.

Under what circumstances can police enter a house without a warrant?

If they receive any 911 call or under the doctrine of plain sight.

What are the five main roles of the police?

Crime prevention, law enforcement, order maintenance, emergency response, and assistance to victims.

What is police discretion?

The ability of officers to make decisions using their judgment, not strictly based on law or regulations.

What are some factors that can influence police discretion?

Mannerisms and demeanour, personal biases, racial bias, ethnicity, gender, age, economic status, sexual orientation, and the publicness of the offence.

What is mission creep in policing?

When organizations assume additional duties that were not originally intended.

How can someone with a mental illness come to the attention of the police?

Through calls from familiar persons, police encountering them, or the person calling the police.

What does Section 17 of the Mental Health Act allow police to do?

Apprehend someone suffering from mental disorders and take them to the hospital for assessment.

Why might people with mental illness be disproportionately met with lethal force?

Due to preconceived notions, escalation of situations, and inability to differentiate between unruly behavior and mental illness.