Growth pituitary gh question and answer Flashcards

What is the primary function of Growth Hormone (GH)?

Cell and tissue growth.

What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary release?

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and Prolactin.

Where is the Pituitary Gland located?

At the base of the brain.

What is the anterior portion of the pituitary gland called?

Adenohypophysis.

What connects the Hypothalamus to the Pituitary Gland?

The pituitary (hypophysial) stalk.

What is another name for Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

It causes adrenal cortex secretions.

What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) do?

Induces thyroid gland secretion.

What does Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) affect?

Causes growth of follicles in ovaries and testes.

What is the function of Lutenizing Hormone (LH)?

Induces secretion of sex hormones.

What role does Prolactin play in the body?

Promotes breast development and milk production.

What type of glands does the Anterior Pituitary regulate?

Other endocrine organs.

What are the different cell types in the Anterior Pituitary?

Somatotropes, thyrotropes, gonadotropes, lactotropes, corticotropes.

What does POMC stand for in relation to Corticotropes?

Pro-opiomelanocortin.

Why is the Anterior Pituitary often called the master gland?

It affects other endocrine organs.

What controls the secretion of hormones by the Anterior Pituitary?

Hypothalamic-releasing and inhibitory hormones.

Name a releasing hormone that stimulates the Anterior Pituitary.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

What is the portal system that links the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary?

Hypothalamic-hypophysial Portal system.

What hormone is known as somatotropin?

Growth Hormone (GH).

What is the structure of Growth Hormone?

A 191 amino acid protein.

How was GH previously obtained for therapy?

By extraction from human cadaver pituitary glands.

What is the modern method of obtaining GH?

Using recombinant hormone through injection.

What are some physiological functions of GH?

Promotes protein deposition, enhances fat utilization, decreases glucose utilization.

How does excess GH affect insulin?

It antagonizes insulin action and decreases insulin sensitivity.

What are insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)?

Mediators of GH action on cartilage and bone growth.

What conditions are associated with a deficiency of GH during childhood?

Dwarfism.

What leads to Giantism?

Excessive GH secretion before adolescence.

What is acromegaly, and when does it occur?

Excessive GH secretion after adolescence.

What are typical characteristics of individuals with Dwarfism?

Normal lifespan, normal intelligence, 'chubby' appearance due to lack of GH-induced lipolysis.

In what areas can GH secretion be impaired?

GH secretion or GH-induced IGF production.

What is a genetic defect that causes Dwarfism?

Defect in GH receptor.

What condition involves excessive GH secretion before adolescence?

Giantism.

What health issues are associated with Giantism?

Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and cardiac hypertrophy.

What is a key symptom of Acromegaly?

Growth of soft tissues and increased bone thickness.

What are the potential problems linked with Acromegaly?

Joint problems and deepening of the voice.

What hormone inhibits Prolactin secretion?

Prolactin inhibitory hormone (PIH), also known as dopamine.

What stimulating hormone causes kidney tubules to reabsorb water?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

What targeted cells does ACTH affect?

Adrenal cortex cells.

What is one of the major effects of GH on muscles and fat?

It causes insulin resistance.

What happens to IGF levels during puberty in African pygmies?

There is no normal rise in IGF levels.

What are the effects of IGFs on bone and cartilage?

They promote growth.

What is the expected height outcome in individuals with Giantism?

Increased height.

What is the impact of high GH levels in adults after maturation?

Acromegaly leads to excessive growth of certain body parts.

What is the celebrated characteristic of bones in individuals with GH deficiency?

Impaired growth of all tissues capable of growing.

Who were Laron dwarfs?

Individuals with a genetic defect in GH receptors.

What recent developments have improved GH therapy for deficiencies?

The use of recombinant growth hormone.