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Western Civilization
had 6 characteristics, Earliest known sets of civilizations
Neanderthals
Caveman, began burying the dead, overlap modern human species, lived in Europe and Middle East
Paleolithic Age
"Old Stone Age" developed the earliest tools
Agricultural Revolution
Humans began to grow things on purpose, domestication of animals, reliable food supply allow people to stay still, meat, milk, labor
Patriarchal
A society dominated by men
Mesopotamia
in the fertile crescent, region of city states, not a common though of country
City States
walls around cities, developed the 6 characteristics on their own, commonly lumped together (like Mesopotamia)
Akkadians
dynastic empire ruled by Sargon, overran all the other city states to create a country, 2340-2150 BC
Babylon
Hammurabi makes it the capitol of Mesopotamia
Frontalism
drawn from the front point of view, hieroglyphics
Rosetta Stone
key to reading hieroglyphs, translated them to Greek and Latin
Pyramid
monuments and burial for pharaohs, Giza has 3, stock up pharaohs for afterlife
The Book of the Dead
instruction book on how to get to heaven by tricking Anubis the God of the dead
Sphinx
body of a lion, face of a pharaoh
Amenhotep 4
tried to change the Egyptian Religion, try to take him out of the history books after his death
Tutankhamun (King Tut)
king at the age of 10, died when he was 20
Howard Carter
Found King Tut's grave and it was undisturbed
Battle Axe Culture
Germany, Denmark, England, warrior people, 3,500-2,000 BC
AD
Anino Domin
Lucy
incomplete skeleton of female found in eastern Ethiopia in 1974, 4 ft tall
Homo sapiens sapiens
200,000 BC, beat out Neanderthals, "wise wise human being"
Use of Fire
Provides heat, light, cooked food
Wheel
3,000 BC, used to transport goods in Mesopotamia
Bronze Age
3,000-1,200 BC, everything is improved to be made of melted copper and tin
Fertile Crescent
land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Sumer
Mesopotamian city state that flourished
Sargon
unified Akkadians, first known emperor
Hammurabi's Code
"eye for an eye"
Nile River
longest river in the world, very narrow, Egypt is focused around this river
Upper Egypt
South section of Egypt
Lower Egypt
Northern section of Egypt
Megaliths
built by the battle axe cultures, "large stone", Stonehenge
Indo-European
Southern France, Central Europe, and total region of the Mediterranean, Hittie Empire
Pre-History
the time before written history
Homo Erectus
lived in Europe and Asia, started getting better tools, not as smart as Homo Sapiens Sapiens
Neolithic Age
"New Stone Age", contained agricultural revolution, 10,000-4,000 BC
Spread of Homo Sapiens Sapiens
moved from Africa to the Middle East then Europe and Asia
Writing
First shows developed in Neolithic Age, stored knowledge, used for economic records
First Four Civilizations
Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China
Ziggurats
temple built a top a massive stepped towers
Cuneiform
wedge-shaped system of writing used by the Sumerians
Gilgamesh
king of Uruk, searches for immortality and doesn't find it
Hieroglyphics
system of writing used by the Egyptians, had a sacred value
Memphis
capitol of the old kingdom in Egypt
Polytheism
Multiple Gods and Goddesses
Khufu
ordered the construction of the largest pyramid of Giza, Giza sphinx has his face
Hatshepsut
famous women pharaoh, would often appear with a beard
Ramesses 2
1,200 BC, military success, enters non-aggression treaties
Linear Pottery Culture
had parallel lines on their pottery, had villages and cattle competitions
Otzi
discover in European mountains, well preserved in the ice, as and ice shoes found with him, died from an arrow in the back
Hebrews
"the children of Israel", origin and history are part of the Bible
Abraham
starts the Hebrews, from Ur, makes a deal with God
Canaan
city the Hebrews entered after escaping Egyptian's slavery, establish control of the city after defeating Philistines
Passsover
death of the first born, lamb blood over the doorway and the angel of death with passover
Ark of the Covenant
holds the original 10 commandments in them
Saul
Established the United Kingdom of Israel
Proverbs
an Old Testament book consisting of proverbs from various Israeli sages
Judah
Southern Kingdom of the Hebrews, capitol at Jerusalem
Israel
10 Northern tribes, capitol at Samaria
Diaspora
scattering of the Jewish people after they were defeated
Dead Sea
Saltwater lake on the border of Israel
Nineveh
Assyrian capitol city, fell to the Chaldeans and Medes
Library of Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal made a structure to hold written Mesopotamian history
Chaldeans
demolished Assyria, lead by Nebuchadnezzar ll
Zoroastrianism
Monotheistic, Heaven and hell concept, free will in humans
Cyrus
led the Persians on the offensive against Medes, established Persian control by 590 BC, allowed the Jews to Jurusalem
Judaism
Decent from Abraham, God helps them and protects them, monotheistic, Hebrews
Isaac
Hebrews Decent from him, Abraham and his wife's son
Ishmael
the son of Abraham and a slave women
Moses
hero for the Hebrews and Jews, saves the Jews from slavery, parts the Red Sea
Exodus
book in the Bible, has the Jews escape Egypt and the creation of the 10 commandments
Joshua
leader after Moses, uses military force, defeats Jaraco, takes control of Israel
David
reunited Israel after Saul's death, defeated the Moabites
Famous Temple
the temple is in Jerusalem, held 10 commandments, built by Solomon
Torah
religious law, includes the 10 commandments
Babylonian Captivity
the deportation of the Jews to Babylonia by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC
Dead Sea Scrolls
a collection of written scrolls found in a cave near the Dead Sea in the late 1940s, written history thousands of years old
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
a terraced garden at Babylon watered by pumps from the Euphrates; construction attributed to Nebuchadnezzar around 600 BC, one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world
Persian Empire
vast empire over 3 continents, use horses for chariots in the military
Xerxes
Put down Babylonian revolt, destroys zygotes, biblical book of Ester
Monotheism
belief in a single God
Jacob
Isaac's youngest son, steals Esau's birthright as oldest
Plagues
Nile turns to Blood, frogs, lice, flys, sick cattle, boils on skin, fire hail, locus swarms, darkness, death of the first born
Ten Commandments
given to Moses by God, in Exodus, sets up legal and religious rules