identity and personality

self concept

the sum of the ways in which we describe ourselves in the past, present, and future

identities

individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong

self esteem

our evaluation of ourselves

self-efficacy

the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill in a given situation

locus of control

a self-evaluation that refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives

internal influence

success or failure as a result of our own actions

external influence

success or failures as a result of outside factors

freud’s stages of psychosexual development

based on tensions caused by the libido, with failure at any given stage leading to fixation

oral stage

birth-1 year, primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth via rooting and sucking reflex

anal stage

1-3 years, primary focus of libido in this stage is on controlling bladder and bowel movements

phallic stage

3-6 years, primary focus is on genitals as children begin to discover the differences between males and females

latent stage

6-puberty, development of ego and superego, sexual feelings are inactive

genital stage

puberty-death, maturing sexual interests

erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

stem from conflicts that are the results of decisions we are forced to make about ourselves and the environment arounds us at each phase of our lives

trust vs mistrust

birth-18 months, based on the dependability and quality of child’s caregivers

autonomy vs shame and doubt

2-3 years, focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control

initiative vs guilt

3-5 years, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interactions

industry vs inferiority

6-11 years, children need to cope with new social and academic demands, success leads to a sense of competence while failure results in feelings of inferiority

identity vs confusion

12-18 years, developing a sense of personal identity while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self

intamacy vs isolation

19-40 years, success leads to strong relationships while failure results in loneliness and isolation

generativity vs stagnation

40-65 years, adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment while failure results in shallow involvement in the world

integrity vs despair

65 years-death, people look back on the events of their lives and determine if they are happy with the life that they lived or if they regret it

kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning and development

describes the approaches of individuals to resolving moral dilemmas

preconventional

3-7 years, moral reasoning based on reward and punishment, avoiding punishment and protecting self interest

conventional

8-13 years, moral reasoning based on external ethics, good boy attitude and law and order morality

postconventional

adulthood, moral reasoning based on personal ethics, social contract, principle

vygotsky’s theory of cultural and biosocial development

learning is culturally dependent, with individuals from different cultures learning differently

zone of proximal development

area of learning where one cannot progress on their own, but can with assistance from a “knowledgeable other”

psychoanalytic perspective

personality results from unconcious urges and desires; freud-id, superego, ego, jung-collective and unconscious, archetypes

humanistic perspective

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive toward happiness and self realization; maslow, hierarchy of needs, rogers, unconditional positive regard

type and trait theory

personality can be described as a number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

somatic symptom disorder

at least one somatic symptom which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, that causes disproportionate concern

illness anxiety disorder

preoccupation with having or coming down with a serious medical condition

conversion disorder

unexplained symptoms affecting motor or sensory function

personality disorders

patterns of inflexible, maladaptive behavior that cause distress or impaired functioning

cluster A

odd, eccentric; paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid

cluster B

dramatic, emotional, erratic; antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

cluster C

anxious, fearful, worried; avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive