idk anymore general intro ligaments and shit

I have no fucking idea im tired please leave me alone

superior

above

inferior

below

cranial

in the direction of the skull

caudal

direction of tail bone

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

Origin

proximal// move the least

remember: OP (origin proximal)

insertion

usually distal// move movable attachment

(mid)sagittal plane

divides body into left and right halves// flexion and extension/ rotates around frontal axis

frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior halves// abduction and adduction

transverse plane

divides body into superior and inferior portions// rotation around the vertical axis

bone

made of collagen and calcium

types of bone

cancellous (spongy) and cortical bones

cortical bones

more mineral content than collagen// shafts of long bones// rigid support

cancellous bones

spongy// higher collagen content// found in MARROW cavity at ends of long bones

ligaments

connect bone to bone// contribute to joint stability

open chain

distal portion can move freely in space// promotes mobility// allows joints to move together or independently of one another

closed chain

distal portion of body is fixed// only proximal portion moves// promotes stability

hyaline (articular)

dense connective tissue to absorb force// covers ends of long bones // degeneration can cause osteoarthritis

tendons

connect muscle to bone// transfers force (which makes sense when you think about it because muscles generate force to move bones :)

joint capsule

dense fibrous sleeve that surrounds a joint and has synovial fluid// contributes to passive stability

aponeurosis

fibrous insertion that connects at adjacent muscles // rectus sheath

types of muscle

skeletal// voluntary striated// skeletal muscles

cardiac// involuntary striated// myocardium

smooth// involuntary nonstriated// lines internal organs// slow involuntary contraction

endomysium

layer of connective tissue that wraps around each muscle fiber (cell)

perimysium

layer of connective tissue that wraps around each muscle fasicle

epimysium

wraps around groups of muscle fascicles

myofibrils

long cylindrical strands of contractile proteins

sarcomere

contractile units of muscle

muscle is made of many ____ that send separate ____ to sarcomeres

motor units; all or none signals

fascia

non contractile tissue within muscle

flaccid muscle

results from loss of innervation to muscle

hypertonia

muscle with increased muscle tone

muscle spindles

elongated and encapsulated structures within muscle fiber// signals changes in muscle length and checks against excessive stretch

golgi tendon organ

located at junction of muscle and tendon// more sensitive than spindles// checks against excessive contraction

slow twitch type I

fibers that generate low force over a long period of time and are slow to fatigue

fast twitch type 2

powerful contractions but quicker to fatigue

active insufficiency

muscle cannot contract over two joints at the same time and perform full ROM

passive insufficiency

muscle cannot stretch over multiple joints at the same time and perform full ROM

force couple

muscles that work tg in diff directions to stabilize or produce movement// erector spinae and abdominal muscles

isometric contraction

contraction with no change in length // just holding my big ass owala

concentric

shortening of muscle// picking up my big ass owala

eccentric

lengthening of muscle// putting down my big ass owala

joints (articulations)

the connections bw two bones// three types: fibrous, synovial, cartilaginous

hinge joint

motion around single axis (frontal)// only flexion and extension because medial and lateral collateral ligaments prevent movement// knee and humeroulnar (elbow)

convex concave joint movement

convex surface moves in opposite direction of movement (lever arm)// concave surface moves in the same direction of movement (lever arm)